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Spiking neural networks (SNNs) based on Leaky Integrate and Fire (LIF) model have been applied to energy-efficient temporal and spatiotemporal processing tasks. Thanks to the bio-plausible neuronal dynamics and simplicity, LIF-SNN benefits…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-04 Zhenzhi Wu , Hehui Zhang , Yihan Lin , Guoqi Li , Meng Wang , Ye Tang

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) promise low-power event-driven computation for temporally rich tasks, but commonly used neuron models often trade off gradient-based trainability, dynamical richness, and high activity sparsity. These…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Alex Fulleda-Garcia , Saray Soldado-Magraner , Josep Maria Margarit-Taulé

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are a promising research direction for building power-efficient information processing systems, especially for temporal tasks such as speech recognition. In SNNs, delays refer to the time needed for one spike…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Ilyass Hammouamri , Ismail Khalfaoui-Hassani , Timothée Masquelier

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have been studied over decades to incorporate their biological plausibility and leverage their promising energy efficiency. Throughout existing SNNs, the leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) model is commonly…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Xingting Yao , Fanrong Li , Zitao Mo , Jian Cheng

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are widely regarded as a biologically-inspired and energy-efficient alternative to classical artificial neural networks. Yet, their theoretical foundations remain only partially understood. In this work, we…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-29 Umberto Biccari

Spiking neural networks (SNNs), that operate via binary spikes distributed over time, have emerged as a promising energy efficient ML paradigm for resource-constrained devices. However, the current state-of-the-art (SOTA) SNNs require…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Gourav Datta , Peter A. Beerel

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are largely inspired by biology and neuroscience and leverage ideas and theories to create fast and efficient learning systems. Spiking neuron models are adopted as core processing units in neuromorphic…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Davide Liberato Manna , Alex Vicente Sola , Paul Kirkland , Trevor Bihl , Gaetano Di Caterina

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have emerged as a popular spatio-temporal computing paradigm for complex vision tasks. Recently proposed SNN training algorithms have significantly reduced the number of time steps (down to 1) for improved…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Gourav Datta , Zeyu Liu , Anni Li , Peter A. Beerel

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), inspired by the brain, are characterized by minimal power consumption and swift inference capabilities on neuromorphic hardware, and have been widely applied to various visual perception tasks. Current…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Chengjun Zhang , Yuhao Zhang , Jie Yang , Mohamad Sawan

In recent years, spiking neural networks (SNNs) have been used in reinforcement learning (RL) due to their low power consumption and event-driven features. However, spiking reinforcement learning (SRL), which suffers from fixed coding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Lang Qin , Rui Yan , Huajin Tang

Spiking neural network (SNN) is interesting both theoretically and practically because of its strong bio-inspiration nature and potentially outstanding energy efficiency. Unfortunately, its development has fallen far behind the conventional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Shibo Zhou , Xiaohua LI , Ying Chen , Sanjeev T. Chandrasekaran , Arindam Sanyal

Brain-inspired spiking neural networks (SNNs) have demonstrated great potential for temporal signal processing. However, their performance in speech processing remains limited due to the lack of an effective auditory front-end. To address…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Zeyang Song , Jibin Wu , Malu Zhang , Mike Zheng Shou , Haizhou Li

Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) has become a growing field in on-device processing for Internet of Things (IoT) applications, capitalizing on AI algorithms that are optimized for their low complexity and energy efficiency. These algorithms…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Asmer Hamid Ali , Mozhgan Navardi , Tinoosh Mohsenin

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are biologically inspired, event-driven models suited for temporal data processing and energy-efficient neuromorphic computing. In SNNs, richer neuronal dynamic allows capturing more complex temporal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Sanja Karilanova , Subhrakanti Dey , Ayça Özçelikkale

Multi-state spiking neurons combine sparse binary activations with rich second-order nonlinear recurrent dynamics, making them a promising alternative to standard deep learning models. However, gradient propagation through these dynamics…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Maxime Fabre , Lyubov Dudchenko , Younes Bouhadjar , Emre Neftci

Despite recent progress in training spiking neural networks (SNNs) for classification, their application to continuous motor control remains limited. Here, we demonstrate that fully spiking architectures can be trained end-to-end to control…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Justus Huebotter , Pablo Lanillos , Marcel van Gerven , Serge Thill

Understanding cognitive flexibility and task-switching mechanisms in neural systems requires biologically plausible computational models. This tutorial presents a step-by-step approach to constructing a spiking neural network (SNN) that…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-03-07 Ashwin Viswanathan Kannan , Madhumitha Ganesan

Agent-based Transformers have been widely adopted in recent reinforcement learning advances due to their demonstrated ability to solve complex tasks. However, the high computational complexity of Transformers often results in significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Mohammad Irfan Uddin , Nishad Tasnim , Md Omor Faruk , Zejian Zhou

At present, implementation of learning mechanisms in spiking neural networks (SNN) cannot be considered as a solved scientific problem despite plenty of SNN learning algorithms proposed. It is also true for SNN implementation of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Mikhail Kiselev

Recent deep neural networks (DNNs), such as diffusion models [1], have faced high computational demands. Thus, spiking neural networks (SNNs) have attracted lots of attention as energy-efficient neural networks. However, conventional…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Dayena Jeong , Jaewoo Park , Jeonghee Jo , Jongkil Park , Jaewook Kim , Hyun Jae Jang , Suyoun Lee , Seongsik Park