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Ensuring realistic traffic dynamics is a prerequisite for simulation platforms to evaluate the reliability of self-driving systems before deployment in the real world. Because most road users are human drivers, reproducing their diverse…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Wendi Li , Hao Wu , Han Gao , Bing Mao , Fengyuan Xu , Sheng Zhong

Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS) are safety-critical, where failures can be severe. While Metamorphic Testing (MT) is effective for fault detection in ADS, existing methods rely heavily on manual effort and lack automation. We present…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Linfeng Liang , Chenkai Tan , Yao Deng , Yingfeng Cai , T. Y Chen , Xi Zheng

Autonomous driving systems (ADS) require extensive testing and validation before deployment. However, it is tedious and time-consuming to construct traffic scenarios for ADS testing. In this paper, we propose TrafficComposer, a multi-modal…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Zhi Tu , Liangkun Niu , Wei Fan , Tianyi Zhang

Simulation platforms facilitate the development of emerging Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) like self-driving cars (SDC) because they are more efficient and less dangerous than field operational test cases. Despite this, thoroughly testing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-12-12 Christian Birchler , Sajad Khatiri , Bill Bosshard , Alessio Gambi , Sebastiano Panichella

Context: Simulation-based testing is a cost-efficient alternative to field testing for Autonomous Vehicles (AVs), but generating safety-critical test cases is challenging due to the vast search space. Prior work has studied static (road…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Victor Crespo-Rodriguez , Christian Birchler , Neelofar , Aldeida Aleti , Sebastiano Panichella

Simulators are widely used to test Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS), but their potential flakiness can lead to inconsistent test results. We investigate test flakiness in simulation-based testing of ADS by addressing two key questions: (1)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Mohammad Hossein Amini , Shervin Naseri , Shiva Nejati

Finding the most likely path to a set of failure states is important to the analysis of safety-critical systems that operate over a sequence of time steps, such as aircraft collision avoidance systems and autonomous cars. In many…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-07 Ritchie Lee , Ole J. Mengshoel , Anshu Saksena , Ryan Gardner , Daniel Genin , Joshua Silbermann , Michael Owen , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

The safe deployment of autonomous driving systems (ADSs) relies on comprehensive testing and evaluation. However, safety-critical scenarios that can effectively expose system vulnerabilities are extremely sparse in the real world. Existing…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Xinzheng Wu , Junyi Chen , Naiting Zhong , Yong Shen

According to data from the United Nations, more than 3000 people have died each day in the world due to road traffic collision. Considering recent researches, the human error may be considered as the main responsible for these fatalities.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-02-13 Andrés E. Gómez , Tiago C. dos Santos , Carlos M. Massera , Arthur de M. Neto , Denis F. Wolf

Autonomous vehicles are complex systems that are challenging to test and debug. A requirements-driven approach to the development process can decrease the resources required to design and test these systems, while simultaneously increasing…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-08-06 Cumhur Erkan Tuncali , Georgios Fainekos , Danil Prokhorov , Hisahiro Ito , James Kapinski

In order to ensure autonomous vehicles are safe for on-road deployment, simulation-based testing has become an integral complement to on-road testing. The rise in simulation testing and validation reflects a growing need to verify that AV…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Devan Shanker

Scenario-based testing is envisioned as a key approach for the safety assurance of autonomous vehicles. In scenario-based testing, relevant (driving) scenarios are the basis of tests. Many recent works focus on specification, variation,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-12 Till Schallau , Stefan Naujokat , Fiona Kullmann , Falk Howar

The automotive domain is shifting to software-centric development to meet regulation, market pressure, and feature velocity. This shift increases embedded systems' complexity and strains testing capacity. Despite relevant standards, a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Denesa Zyberaj , Pascal Hirmer , Marco Aiello , Stefan Wagner

Advancements in Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS) have brought significant benefits, but also raised concerns regarding their safety. Virtual tests are common practices to ensure the safety of ADS because they are more efficient and safer…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Jiangnan Zhao , Dehui Du , Xing Yu , Hang Li

This work introduces interactive traffic scenarios in the CARLA simulator, which are based on real-world traffic. We concentrate on tactical tasks lasting several seconds, which are especially challenging for current control methods. The…

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) require extensive testing in simulation, but test case generation for driving scenarios is laborious. The desired scenarios are often out-of-distribution and have precise requirements on interactions with the AV…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Frieda Rong , Chris Zhang , Kelvin Wong , Raquel Urtasun

Maintaining adequate situation awareness (SA) is crucial for the safe operation of conditionally automated vehicles (AVs), which requires drivers to regain control during takeover (TOR) events. This study developed a predictive model for…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Lilit Avetisyan , X. Jessie Yang , Feng Zhou

Simulation-based testing is crucial for validating autonomous vehicles (AVs), yet existing scenario generation methods either overfit to common driving patterns or operate in an offline, non-interactive manner that fails to expose rare,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Yuewen Mei , Tong Nie , Jian Sun , Ye Tian

Abstract Simulation platforms facilitate the development of emerging cyber-physical systems (CPS) like self-driving cars (SDC) because they are more efficient and less dangerous than field operational tests. Despite this, thoroughly testing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Sajad Khatiri , Christian Birchler , Bill Bosshard , Alessio Gambi , Sebastiano Panichella

Approval of ADS depends on evaluating its behavior within representative real-world traffic scenarios. A common way to obtain such scenarios is to extract them from real-world data recordings. These can then be grouped and serve as basis on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Niklas Roßberg , Sinan Hasirlioglu , Mohamed Essayed Bouzouraa , Wolfgang Utschick , Michael Botsch