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This work presents a set of coupled Boltzmann equations describing the intensity and polarisation Stokes parameters of the SGWB. Collision terms, which account for gravitational Compton scattering off of massive objects, are also included.…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-03-01 Lorenzo Pizzuti , Alessandro Tomella , Carmelita Carbone , Matteo Calabrese , Carlo Baccigalupi

Obtaining a faithful source intensity distribution map of the sky from noisy data demands incorporating known information of the expected signal, especially when the signal is weak compared to the noise. We introduce a widely used procedure…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-09-04 Sambit Panda , Swetha Bhagwat , Jishnu Suresh , Sanjit Mitra

The recent announcement of strong evidence for a stochastic gravitational-wave background (SGWB) by various pulsar timing array collaborations has highlighted this signal as a promising candidate for future observations. Despite its…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2023-12-11 Leo Tsukada

Beyond individually resolvable gravitational wave events such as binary black hole and binary neutron star mergers, the superposition of many more weak signals coming from a multitude of sources is expected to contribute to an overall…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-12-14 Nick van Remortel , Kamiel Janssens , Kevin Turbang

We investigate the sensitivity of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) to the anisotropies of the Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background (SGWB). We first discuss the main astrophysical and cosmological sources of SGWB which are…

An important next step for pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) is to measure anisotropies in the gravitational wave background (GWB) at $\sim$ nano-Hz frequencies. We calculate the expected GWB anisotropies using empirically calibrated models for…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-02-20 Meng-Xiang Lin , Adam Lidz , Chung-Pei Ma

Recent Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) collaborations show strong evidence for a stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) with the characteristic Hellings-Downs inter-pulsar correlations. The signal may stem from supermassive black hole…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-12-25 N. M. Jiménez Cruz , Ameek Malhotra , Gianmassimo Tasinato , Ivonne Zavala

A first-order phase transition in the early universe can give an observable stochastic gravitational background (SGWB), which will necessarily have primordial anisotropies across the sky. In multi-field inflationary scenarios, these…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-10-12 Arushi Bodas , Raman Sundrum

The stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) can be observed in the nanohertz band using a pulsar timing array (PTA). Here a computationally efficient state-space framework is developed for analysing SGWB data, in which the…

A stochastic background of gravitational waves can be created by the superposition of a large number of independent sources. The physical processes occurring at the earliest moments of the universe certainly created a stochastic background…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-11-22 Nelson Christensen

A Gravitational Wave Background (GWB) is expected in the universe from the superposition of a large number of unresolved astrophysical sources and phenomena in the early universe. Each component of the background (e.g., from primordial…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2016-04-27 Abhishek Parida , Sanjit Mitra , Sanjay Jhingan

The detection and characterization of the Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background (SGWB) is one of the main goals of Gravitational Wave (GW) experiments. The observed SGWB will be the combination of GWs from cosmological (as predicted by…

The temporal dependence of the astrophysical stochastic gravitational-wave (GW) background (SGWB) in the hecto-hertz band brings a unique avenue to identify multi-messenger signals to these sources by using coincident detection in both GW…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-07-28 Hardik Jitendra Kuralkar , Mohit Raj Sah , Suvodip Mukherjee

The gravitational wave sky is expected to have isolated bright sources superimposed on a diffuse gravitational wave background. The background radiation has two components: a confusion limited background from unresolved astrophysical…

Astrophysics · Physics 2014-10-13 Neil J. Cornish

We propose a diagnostic tool for future analyses of stochastic gravitational wave background signals of extra-galactic origin in LISA data. Next-generation gravitational wave detectors hold the capability to track unresolved gravitational…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-01-29 Lavinia Heisenberg , Henri Inchauspé , David Maibach

Gravitational wave (GW) backgrounds of cosmological origin are expected to be nearly isotropic, with small anisotropies resembling those of the cosmic microwave background. We analyse the case of a scalar-induced GW background and clarify…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-01-18 Ema Dimastrogiovanni , Matteo Fasiello , Ameek Malhotra , Gianmassimo Tasinato

Within the next several years pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are positioned to detect the stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB) likely produced by the collection of inspiralling super-massive black holes binaries, and potentially…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-02-24 Yacine Ali-Haïmoud , Tristan L. Smith , Chiara M. F. Mingarelli

Over the last five years, multiple Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) collaborations have reported mounting evidence for a gravitational-wave background (GWB) at nanohertz frequencies. Measuring anisotropies in the sky distribution of the GWB power…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-26 Anna-Malin Lemke , Andrea Mitridate , Thomas Konstandin , Mauro Pieroni , James Alvey

In this work, we propose a graph-based method implemented on the pulsar timing residuals (PTRs) for stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) detection within the nano-Hertz frequency regime and examining uncertainties of its…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-14 M. Alakhras , S. M. S. Movahed

In this this paper the stochastic background of gravitational waves (SBGWs) is analyzed with the auxilium of the WMAP data. We emphasize that, in general, in previous works in the literature about the SBGWs, old COBE data were used. After…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 Christian Corda , Salvatore Capozziello , Mariafelicia De Laurentis
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