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Driving simulation plays a crucial role in developing reliable driving agents by providing controlled, evaluative environments. To enable meaningful assessments, a high-quality driving simulator must satisfy several key requirements:…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Junzhe Jiang , Nan Song , Jingyu Li , Xiatian Zhu , Li Zhang

Behavior prediction remains one of the most challenging tasks in the autonomous vehicle (AV) software stack. Forecasting the future trajectories of nearby agents plays a critical role in ensuring road safety, as it equips AVs with the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Francis Indaheng , Edward Kim , Kesav Viswanadha , Jay Shenoy , Jinkyu Kim , Daniel J. Fremont , Sanjit A. Seshia

The current approach to connected and autonomous driving function development and evaluation uses model-in-the-loop simulation, hardware-in-the-loop simulation, and limited proving ground work followed by public road deployment of beta…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Xincheng Cao , Haochong Chen , Sukru Yaren Gelbal , Bilin Aksun-Guvenc , Levent Guvenc

Automated driving technologies promise substantial improvements in transportation safety, efficiency, and accessibility. However, ensuring the reliability and safety of Autonomous Vehicles in complex, real-world environments remains a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-03 João-Vitor Zacchi , Edoardo Clementi , Núria Mata

Autonomous air taxis are poised to revolutionize urban mass transportation, however, ensuring their safety and reliability remains an open challenge. Validating autonomy solutions on air taxis in the real world presents complexities, risks,…

Despite advancements in perception and planning for autonomous vehicles (AVs), validating their performance remains a significant challenge. The deployment of planning algorithms in real-world environments is often ineffective due to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Joshua Ransiek , Philipp Reis , Tobias Schürmann , Eric Sax

Autonomous driving systems (ADS) have been an active area of research, with the potential to deliver significant benefits to society. However, before large-scale deployment on public roads, extensive testing is necessary to validate their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Qunying Song , He Ye , Mark Harman , Federica Sarro

Efficient trajectory planning for urban intersections is currently one of the most challenging tasks for an Autonomous Vehicle (AV). Courteous behavior towards other traffic participants, the AV's comfort and its progression in the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-10-08 Oliver Speidel , Maximilian Graf , Ankit Kaushik , Thanh Phan-Huu , Andreas Wedel , Klaus Dietmayer

Simulators are useful tools for testing automated driving controllers. Vehicle-in-the-loop (ViL) tests and digital twins (DTs) are widely used simulation technologies to facilitate the smooth deployment of controllers to physical vehicles.…

Virtual scenario-based testing methods to validate autonomous driving systems are predominantly centred around collision avoidance, and lack a comprehensive approach to evaluate optimal driving behaviour holistically. Furthermore, current…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Kethan Reddy , Elias Nassif , Panagiotis Angeloudis , Mohammed Quddus , Washington Ochieng

Simulation is an integral part in the process of developing autonomous vehicles and advantageous for training, validation, and verification of driving functions. Even though simulations come with a series of benefits compared to real-world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Ferdinand Mütsch , Helen Gremmelmaier , Nicolas Becker , Daniel Bogdoll , Marc René Zofka , J. Marius Zöllner

High level Automated Driving Systems (ADS) can handle many situations, but they still encounter situations where human intervention is required. In systems where a physical driver is present in the vehicle, typically SAE Level 3 systems,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-22 Ole Hans , Benedikt Walter

Automated driving is currently a prominent area of scientific work. In the future, highly automated driving and new Advanced Driver Assistance Systems will become reality. While Advanced Driver Assistance Systems and automated driving…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Jorin Kouril , Bernd Schäufele , Ilja Radusch , Bettina Schnor

Ensuring the safety of self-driving cars remains a major challenge due to the complexity and unpredictability of real-world driving environments. Traditional testing methods face significant limitations, such as the oracle problem, which…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Tony Zhang , Burak Kantarci , Umair Siddique

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) offer new opportunities to create natural language interfaces for Autonomous Driving Systems (ADSs), moving beyond rigid inputs. This paper addresses the challenge of mapping the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Marvin Seegert , Korbinian Moller , Johannes Betz

Autonomous systems require identifying the environment and it has a long way to go before putting it safely into practice. In autonomous driving systems, the detection of obstacles and traffic lights are of importance as well as lane…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Namig Aliyev , Oguzhan Sezer , Mehmet Turan Guzel

This paper describes the methodology for building a dynamic risk assessment for ADAS (Advanced Driving Assistance Systems) algorithms in parking scenarios, fusing exterior and interior perception for a better understanding of the scene and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Paola Natalia Cañas , Mikel García , Nerea Aranjuelo , Marcos Nieto , Aitor Iglesias , Igor Rodríguez

The development of Automated Driving Systems (ADS) has the potential to revolutionise the transportation industry, but it also presents significant safety challenges. One of the key challenges is ensuring that the ADS is safe in the event…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Milin Patel , Rolf Jung

The investigation of factors contributing at making humans trust Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) will play a fundamental role in the adoption of such technology. The user's ability to form a mental model of the AV, which is crucial to establish…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Lia Morra , Fabrizio Lamberti , F. Gabriele Pratticó , Salvatore La Rosa , Paolo Montuschi

While automated driving technology has achieved a tremendous progress, the scalable and rigorous testing and verification of safe automated and autonomous driving vehicles remain challenging. This paper proposes a learning-based…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-01-27 Andrea Favrin , Vladislav Nenchev , Angelo Cenedese