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Conventional word embeddings represent words with fixed vectors, which are usually trained based on co-occurrence patterns among words. In doing so, however, the power of such representations is limited, where the same word might be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-01-10 Hongming Zhang , Jiaxin Bai , Yan Song , Kun Xu , Changlong Yu , Yangqiu Song , Wilfred Ng , Dong Yu

Learning token embeddings based on token co-occurrence statistics has proven effective for both pre-training and fine-tuning in natural language processing. However, recent studies have pointed out that the distribution of learned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Ying Zhang , Dongyuan Li , Manabu Okumura

Contextualized word embeddings derived from pre-trained language models (LMs) show significant improvements on downstream NLP tasks. Pre-training on domain-specific corpora, such as biomedical articles, further improves their performance.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-05 Qiao Jin , Bhuwan Dhingra , William W. Cohen , Xinghua Lu

We propose spoken sentence embeddings which capture both acoustic and linguistic content. While existing works operate at the character, phoneme, or word level, our method learns long-term dependencies by modeling speech at the sentence…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-02-22 Albert Haque , Michelle Guo , Prateek Verma , Li Fei-Fei

Visual recognition of speech using the lip movement is called Lip-reading. Recent developments in this nascent field uses different neural networks as feature extractors which serve as input to a model which can map the temporal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-06-01 Dharin Parekh , Ankitesh Gupta , Shharrnam Chhatpar , Anmol Yash Kumar , Manasi Kulkarni

Attention mechanisms that confer selective focus on a strict subset of input elements are nearly ubiquitous in language models today. We posit there to be downside to the use of attention: most input information is lost. In support of this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Benjamin L. Badger

In most natural language inference problems, sentence representation is needed for semantic retrieval tasks. In recent years, pre-trained large language models have been quite effective for computing such representations. These models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Domagoj Ševerdija , Tomislav Prusina , Antonio Jovanović , Luka Borozan , Jurica Maltar , Domagoj Matijević

We introduce BERTphone, a Transformer encoder trained on large speech corpora that outputs phonetically-aware contextual representation vectors that can be used for both speaker and language recognition. This is accomplished by training on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Shaoshi Ling , Julian Salazar , Yuzong Liu , Katrin Kirchhoff

Conversational speech, while being unstructured at an utterance level, typically has a macro topic which provides larger context spanning multiple utterances. The current language models in speech recognition systems using recurrent neural…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-11 Srikanth Raj Chetupalli , Sriram Ganapathy

Vision--language models (VLMs) often process visual inputs through a pretrained vision encoder, followed by a projection into the language model's embedding space via a connector component. While crucial for modality fusion, the potential…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Wenyan Li , Raphael Tang , Chengzu Li , Caiqi Zhang , Ivan Vulić , Anders Søgaard

How related are the representations learned by neural language models, translation models, and language tagging tasks? We answer this question by adapting an encoder-decoder transfer learning method from computer vision to investigate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Richard Antonello , Javier Turek , Vy Vo , Alexander Huth

We provide a comparative study between neural word representations and traditional vector spaces based on co-occurrence counts, in a number of compositional tasks. We use three different semantic spaces and implement seven tensor-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2014-08-27 Dmitrijs Milajevs , Dimitri Kartsaklis , Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh , Matthew Purver

Neural language models process sequences of words, but the mathematical operations inside them are insensitive to the order in which words appear. Positional encodings are the component added to remedy this. Despite their importance,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Giansalvo Cirrincione

Vector representations obtained from word embedding are the source of many groundbreaking advances in natural language processing. They yield word representations that are capable of capturing semantics and analogies of words within a text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Didier Gohourou , Kazuhiro Kuwabara

Manually labelling large collections of text data is a time-consuming, expensive, and laborious task, but one that is necessary to support machine learning based on text datasets. Active learning has been shown to be an effective way to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-11 Jinghui Lu , Maeve Henchion , Brian Mac Namee

Word embeddings have been demonstrated to benefit NLP tasks impressively. Yet, there is room for improvement in the vector representations, because current word embeddings typically contain unnecessary information, i.e., noise. We propose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-10-07 Kim Anh Nguyen , Sabine Schulte im Walde , Ngoc Thang Vu

In human-level NLP tasks, such as predicting mental health, personality, or demographics, the number of observations is often smaller than the standard 768+ hidden state sizes of each layer within modern transformer-based language models,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Adithya V Ganesan , Matthew Matero , Aravind Reddy Ravula , Huy Vu , H. Andrew Schwartz

Dialogue act recognition is an important component of a large number of natural language processing pipelines. Many research works have been carried out in this area, but relatively few investigate deep neural networks and word embeddings.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Christophe Cerisara , Pavel Kral , Ladislav Lenc

It has been found that Transformer-based language models have the ability to perform basic quantitative reasoning. In this paper, we propose a method for studying how these models internally represent numerical data, and use our proposal to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Ulme Wennberg , Gustav Eje Henter

Distributed word embeddings have shown superior performances in numerous Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, their performances vary significantly across different tasks, implying that the word embeddings learnt by those…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-21 Danushka Bollegala , Kohei Hayashi , Ken-ichi Kawarabayashi