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The binary paint shop problem (BPSP) is an APX-hard optimization problem in which, given n car models that occur twice in a sequence of length 2n, the goal is to find a colouring sequence such that the two occurrences of each model are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-16 Mark Goh , Lara Caroline Pereira dos Santos , Matthias Sperl

The Binary Paint Shop Problem (BPSP) is an $\mathsf{APX}$-hard optimisation problem in automotive manufacturing: given a sequence of $2n$ cars, comprising $n$ distinct models each appearing twice, the task is to decide which of two colours…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-05 V Vijendran , Dax Enshan Koh , Ping Koy Lam , Syed M Assad

The Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm (QAOA) is a leading candidate for near-term quantum advantage, yet its practical impact is hindered by limited performance on symmetric local Hamiltonians and the costly optimisation of…

Quantum Approximate Optimization algorithm (QAOA) aims to search for approximate solutions to discrete optimization problems with near-term quantum computers. As there are no algorithmic guarantee possible for QAOA to outperform classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-25 Bingzhi Zhang , Akira Sone , Quntao Zhuang

Combinatorial optimization problems are ubiquitous and computationally hard to solve in general. Quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA), one of the most representative quantum-classical hybrid algorithms, is designed to solve…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-12 Lixue Cheng , Yu-Qin Chen , Shi-Xin Zhang , Shengyu Zhang

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a hybrid variational quantum-classical algorithm that solves combinatorial optimization problems. While there is evidence suggesting that the fixed form of the standard QAOA ansatz is…

Quantum computing promises solutions to classically difficult and new-found problems through controlling the subtleties of quantum computing. The Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm (QAOA) is a recently proposed quantum algorithm…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-24 Nicholas J. Pritchard

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a promising approach for programming a near-term gate-based hybrid quantum computer to find good approximate solutions of hard combinatorial problems. However, little is currently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-21 Gavin E. Crooks

A new methodology is proposed to solve classical Boolean problems as Hamiltonians, using the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA). Our methodology successfully finds all optimized approximated solutions for Boolean problems,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-11 Ali Al-Bayaty , Marek Perkowski

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is one of the most often-used NP-Hard problems in computer science to study the effectiveness of computing models and hardware platforms. In this regard, it is also heavily used as a vehicle to study the…

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm to solve binary-variable optimization problems. Due to the short circuit depth and its expected robustness to systematic errors, it is one of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-23 Jason Larkin , Matías Jonsson , Daniel Justice , Gian Giacomo Guerreschi

The Quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a leading hybrid classical-quantum algorithm for solving complex combinatorial optimization problems. QAOA-in-QAOA (QAOA^2) uses a divide-and-conquer heuristic to solve large-scale…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-27 Aniello Esposito , Tamuz Danzig

While the ultimate goal of solving computationally intractable problems is to find a provably optimal solutions, practical constraints of real-world scenarios often necessitate focusing on efficiently obtaining high-quality, near-optimal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-23 Prashanti Priya Angara , Emily Martins , Ulrike Stege , Hausi Müller

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a hybrid quantum-classical variational algorithm designed to tackle combinatorial optimization problems. Despite its promise for near-term quantum applications, not much is currently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-26 Leo Zhou , Sheng-Tao Wang , Soonwon Choi , Hannes Pichler , Mikhail D. Lukin

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is an algorithmic framework for finding approximate solutions to combinatorial optimization problems, derived from an approximation to the Quantum Adiabatic Algorithm (QAA). In solving…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-02-05 Yue Ruan , Samuel Marsh , Xilin Xue , Xi Li , Zhihao Liu , Jingbo Wang

This paper describes an application of the Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm (QAOA) to efficiently find approximate solutions for computational problems contained in the polynomially bounded NP optimisation complexity class (NPO…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-28 Samuel Marsh , Jingbo Wang

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a promising variational quantum algorithm introduced to tackle classically intractable combinatorial optimization problems. This tutorial offers a comprehensive, first-principles…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-25 Alessandro Giovagnoli

Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is one of the most short-term promising quantum-classical algorithm to solve unconstrained combinatorial optimization problems. It alternates between the execution of a parametrized quantum…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-18 Camille Grange , Marion Lavignac , Valentina Pozzoli , Eric Bourreau

Quantum computers are expected to offer significant advantages in solving complex optimization problems that are challenging for classical computers. Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problems represent an important class…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-15 Teemu Pihkakoski , Aravind Plathanam Babu , Pauli Taipale , Petri Liimatta , Matti Silveri

In this work we develop theoretical techniques for analysing the performance of the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) when applied to random boolean constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs), and use these techniques to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-27 Sami Boulebnane , Maria Ciudad-Alañón , Lana Mineh , Ashley Montanaro , Niam Vaishnav
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