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We introduce a mathematical framework for retrosynthetic analysis, an important research method in synthetic chemistry. Our approach represents molecules and their interaction using string diagrams in layered props - a recently introduced…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Ella Gale , Leo Lobski , Fabio Zanasi

In silico tools are important for generating novel hypotheses and exploring alternatives in de novo metabolic pathway design. However, while many computational frameworks have been proposed for retrobiosynthesis, few successful examples of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Peter Zhiping Zhang , Jeffrey D. Varner

We have developed an end-to-end, retrosynthesis system, named ChemiRise, that can propose complete retrosynthesis routes for organic compounds rapidly and reliably. The system was trained on a processed patent database of over 3 million…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2021-08-11 Xiangyan Sun , Ke Liu , Yuquan Lin , Lingjie Wu , Haoming Xing , Minghong Gao , Ji Liu , Suocheng Tan , Zekun Ni , Qi Han , Junqiu Wu , Jie Fan

In this paper, a new non-search based synthesis algorithm for reversible circuits is proposed. Compared with the widely used search-based methods, our algorithm is guarantied to produce a result and can lead to a solution with much fewer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-04-12 Mehdi Saeedi , Mehdi Sedighi , Morteza Saheb Zamani

Transformers can generate predictions in two approaches: 1. auto-regressively by conditioning each sequence element on the previous ones, or 2. directly produce an output sequences in parallel. While research has mostly explored upon this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-18 Andrea Alfieri , Yancong Lin , Jan C. van Gemert

Methods for automatic chemical retrosynthesis have found recent success through the application of models traditionally built for natural language processing, primarily through transformer neural networks. These models have demonstrated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Sean Current , Ziqi Chen , Daniel Adu-Ampratwum , Xia Ning , Srinivasan Parthasarathy

Deep generative models are able to suggest new organic molecules by generating strings, trees, and graphs representing their structure. While such models allow one to generate molecules with desirable properties, they give no guarantees…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-05 John Bradshaw , Brooks Paige , Matt J. Kusner , Marwin H. S. Segler , José Miguel Hernández-Lobato

De novo molecule generation often results in chemically unfeasible molecules. A natural idea to mitigate this problem is to bias the search process towards more easily synthesizable molecules using a proxy for synthetic accessibility.…

Various template-based and template-free approaches have been proposed for single-step retrosynthesis prediction in recent years. While these approaches demonstrate strong performance from a data-driven metrics standpoint, many model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Kevin Zhang , Vipul Mann , Venkat Venkatasubramanian

Leveraging artificial intelligence for automatic retrosynthesis speeds up organic pathway planning in digital laboratories. However, existing deep learning approaches are unexplainable, like "black box" with few insights, notably limiting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Yu Wang , Chao Pang , Yuzhe Wang , Yi Jiang , Junru Jin , Sirui Liang , Quan Zou , Leyi Wei

Finding synthesis routes for molecules of interest is an essential step in the discovery of new drugs and materials. To find such routes, computer-assisted synthesis planning (CASP) methods are employed which rely on a model of chemical…

The prediction of organic reaction outcomes is a fundamental problem in computational chemistry. Since a reaction may involve hundreds of atoms, fully exploring the space of possible transformations is intractable. The current solution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-01-01 Wengong Jin , Connor W. Coley , Regina Barzilay , Tommi Jaakkola

While machine learning has transformed polymer design by enabling rapid property prediction and candidate generation, translating these designs into experimentally realizable materials remains a critical challenge. Traditionally, the…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2025-12-08 Sakshi Agarwal , Wei Xiong , Rampi Ramprasad

Despite many recent advances, reactive synthesis is still not really a practical technique. The grand challenge is to scale from small transition systems, where synthesis performs well, to complex multi-component designs. Compositional…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-10-09 Bernd Finkbeiner , Noemi Passing

There is an intuitive analogy of an organic chemist's understanding of a compound and a language speaker's understanding of a word. Consequently, it is possible to introduce the basic concepts and analyze potential impacts of linguistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-16 Philippe Schwaller , Theophile Gaudin , David Lanyi , Costas Bekas , Teodoro Laino

Computer-assisted synthesis planning aims to help chemists find better reaction pathways faster. Finding viable and short pathways from sugar molecules to value-added chemicals can be modeled as a retrosynthesis planning problem with a…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Peihong Jiang , Hieu Doan , Sandeep Madireddy , Rajeev Surendran Assary , Prasanna Balaprakash

Reaction prediction remains one of the major challenges for organic chemistry, and is a pre-requisite for efficient synthetic planning. It is desirable to develop algorithms that, like humans, "learn" from being exposed to examples of the…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2017-06-01 Jennifer N. Wei , David Duvenaud , Alán Aspuru-Guzik

Synthesizability in generative molecular design remains a pressing challenge. Existing methods to assess synthesizability span heuristics-based methods, retrosynthesis models, and synthesizability-constrained molecular generation. The…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-07-18 Jeff Guo , Philippe Schwaller

Accurately predicting chemical reaction outcomes and potential byproducts is a fundamental task of modern chemistry, enabling the efficient design of synthetic pathways and driving progress in chemical science. Reaction mechanism, which…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-03-14 Shuan Chen , Kye Sung Park , Taewan Kim , Sunkyu Han , Yousung Jung

Retrosynthesis, which aims to find a route to synthesize a target molecule from commercially available starting materials, is a critical task in drug discovery and materials design. Recently, the combination of ML-based single-step reaction…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Guoqing Liu , Di Xue , Shufang Xie , Yingce Xia , Austin Tripp , Krzysztof Maziarz , Marwin Segler , Tao Qin , Zongzhang Zhang , Tie-Yan Liu