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This paper proposes a new optimizer for deep learning, named d-AmsGrad. In the real-world data, noise and outliers cannot be excluded from dataset to be used for learning robot skills. This problem is especially striking for robots that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-02 Taisuke Kobayashi

NLP research has explored different neural model architectures and sizes, datasets, training objectives, and transfer learning techniques. However, the choice of optimizer during training has not been explored as extensively. Typically,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Nefeli Gkouti , Prodromos Malakasiotis , Stavros Toumpis , Ion Androutsopoulos

Deep learning optimization relies heavily on the assumption of smooth loss landscapes, a condition systematically violated by modern architectures due to non-smooth components such as ReLU activations and quantization operators. In such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Ruoran Xu , Borong She , Xiaobo Jin , Qiufeng Wang

Adaptive gradient-based optimizers, notably Adam, have left their mark in training large-scale deep learning models, offering fast convergence and robustness to hyperparameter settings. However, they often struggle with generalization,…

In this paper, we study the convergence of the Adaptive Moment Estimation (Adam) algorithm under unconstrained non-convex smooth stochastic optimizations. Despite the widespread usage in machine learning areas, its theoretical properties…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-11-06 Yusu Hong , Junhong Lin

There is growing evidence of the effectiveness of Shampoo, a higher-order preconditioning method, over Adam in deep learning optimization tasks. However, Shampoo's drawbacks include additional hyperparameters and computational overhead when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Nikhil Vyas , Depen Morwani , Rosie Zhao , Mujin Kwun , Itai Shapira , David Brandfonbrener , Lucas Janson , Sham Kakade

Heavy ball momentum is crucial in accelerating (stochastic) gradient-based optimization algorithms for machine learning. Existing heavy ball momentum is usually weighted by a uniform hyperparameter, which relies on excessive tuning.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Tao Sun , Huaming Ling , Zuoqiang Shi , Dongsheng Li , Bao Wang

Optimization plays a costly and crucial role in developing machine learning systems. In learned optimizers, the few hyperparameters of commonly used hand-designed optimizers, e.g. Adam or SGD, are replaced with flexible parametric…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Luke Metz , C. Daniel Freeman , James Harrison , Niru Maheswaranathan , Jascha Sohl-Dickstein

Adaptive gradient methods have become popular in optimizing deep neural networks; recent examples include AdaGrad and Adam. Although Adam usually converges faster, variations of Adam, for instance, the AdaBelief algorithm, have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Kushal Chakrabarti , Nikhil Chopra

We provide a simple proof of convergence covering both the Adam and Adagrad adaptive optimization algorithms when applied to smooth (possibly non-convex) objective functions with bounded gradients. We show that in expectation, the squared…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-18 Alexandre Défossez , Léon Bottou , Francis Bach , Nicolas Usunier

This paper aims to clearly distinguish between Stochastic Gradient Descent with Momentum (SGDM) and Adam in terms of their convergence rates. We demonstrate that Adam achieves a faster convergence compared to SGDM under the condition of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Bohan Wang , Huishuai Zhang , Qi Meng , Ruoyu Sun , Zhi-Ming Ma , Wei Chen

Adam is a widely used optimization algorithm in deep learning, yet the specific class of objective functions where it exhibits inherent advantages remains underexplored. Unlike prior studies requiring external schedulers and $\beta_2$ near…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zhiwei Bai , Jiajie Zhao , Zhangchen Zhou , Zhi-Qin John Xu , Yaoyu Zhang

We present Amos, a stochastic gradient-based optimizer designed for training deep neural networks. It can be viewed as an Adam optimizer with theoretically supported, adaptive learning-rate decay and weight decay. A key insight behind Amos…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Ran Tian , Ankur P. Parikh

In continual learning, a learner has to keep learning from the data over its whole life time. A key issue is to decide what knowledge to keep and what knowledge to let go. In a neural network, this can be implemented by using a step-size…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Thomas Degris , Khurram Javed , Arsalan Sharifnassab , Yuxin Liu , Richard Sutton

Adam is the default algorithm for training neural networks, including large language models (LLMs). However, \citet{reddi2019convergence} provided an example that Adam diverges, raising concerns for its deployment in AI model training. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yushun Zhang , Bingran Li , Congliang Chen , Zhi-Quan Luo , Ruoyu Sun

The Adam optimization method has achieved remarkable success in addressing contemporary challenges in stochastic optimization. This method falls within the realm of adaptive sub-gradient techniques, yet the underlying geometric principles…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Chinedu Eleh , Masuzyo Mwanza , Ekene Aguegboh , Hans-Werner van Wyk

Adaptive gradient methods such as Adam have gained extreme popularity due to their success in training complex neural networks and less sensitivity to hyperparameter tuning compared to SGD. However, it has been recently shown that Adam can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-11 Pedro Savarese

The expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is a well-known iterative method for computing maximum likelihood estimates from incomplete data. Despite its numerous advantages, a main drawback of the EM algorithm is its frequently observed…

Computation · Statistics 2018-08-14 Nicholas C. Henderson , Ravi Varadhan

In this paper, we try to uncover the second-order essence of several first-order optimization methods. For Nesterov Accelerated Gradient, we rigorously prove that the algorithm makes use of the difference between past and current gradients,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-23 Yuzheng Hu , Licong Lin , Shange Tang

Stochastic optimizers are central to deep learning, yet widely used methods such as Adam and Adan can degrade in non-stationary or noisy environments, partly due to their reliance on momentum-based magnitude estimates. We introduce Ano, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Adrien Kegreisz