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The success of the Adam optimizer on a wide array of architectures has made it the default in settings where stochastic gradient descent (SGD) performs poorly. However, our theoretical understanding of this discrepancy is lagging,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Frederik Kunstner , Jacques Chen , Jonathan Wilder Lavington , Mark Schmidt

The Adam optimizer, often used in Machine Learning for neural network training, corresponds to an underlying ordinary differential equation (ODE) in the limit of very small learning rates. This work shows that the classical Adam algorithm…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Abhinab Bhattacharjee , Andrey A. Popov , Arash Sarshar , Adrian Sandu

Although adaptive optimization algorithms such as Adam show fast convergence in many machine learning tasks, this paper identifies a problem of Adam by analyzing its performance in a simple non-convex synthetic problem, showing that Adam's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Wenjie Li , Zhaoyang Zhang , Xinjiang Wang , Ping Luo

Despite the popularity of the Adam optimizer in practice, most theoretical analyses study Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) as a proxy for Adam, and little is known about how the solutions found by Adam differ. In this paper, we show that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Xinghan Li , Haodong Wen , Kaifeng Lyu

The Adam optimization algorithm has proven remarkably effective for optimization problems across machine learning and even traditional tasks in geometry processing. At the same time, the development of equivariant methods, which preserve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Selena Ling , Nicholas Sharp , Alec Jacobson

Adaptive moment methods such as Adam use a diagonal, coordinate-wise preconditioner based on exponential moving averages of squared gradients. This diagonal scaling is coordinate-system dependent and can struggle with dense or rotated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Devender Singh , Tarun Sheel

We implement the adaptive step size scheme from the optimization methods AdaGrad and Adam in a novel variant of the Proximal Gradient Method (PGM). Our algorithm, dubbed AdaProx, avoids the need for explicit computation of the Lipschitz…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-07-06 Peter Melchior , Rémy Joseph , Fred Moolekamp

The adaptive optimizer for training neural networks has continually evolved to overcome the limitations of the previously proposed adaptive methods. Recent studies have found the rare counterexamples that Adam cannot converge to the optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-04 Kiwook Bae , Heechang Ryu , Hayong Shin

Adam is widely recognized as one of the most effective optimizers for training deep neural networks (DNNs). Despite its remarkable empirical success, its theoretical convergence analysis remains unsatisfactory. Existing works predominantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Hanyang Peng , Shuang Qin , Yue Yu , Fangqing Jiang , Hui Wang , Zhouchen Lin

Choosing the optimizer is considered to be among the most crucial design decisions in deep learning, and it is not an easy one. The growing literature now lists hundreds of optimization methods. In the absence of clear theoretical guidance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-12 Robin M. Schmidt , Frank Schneider , Philipp Hennig

Uncertainty computation in deep learning is essential to design robust and reliable systems. Variational inference (VI) is a promising approach for such computation, but requires more effort to implement and execute compared to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-08-03 Mohammad Emtiyaz Khan , Didrik Nielsen , Voot Tangkaratt , Wu Lin , Yarin Gal , Akash Srivastava

We introduce AdamS, a simple yet effective alternative to Adam for large language model (LLM) pretraining and post-training. By leveraging a novel denominator, i.e., the root of weighted sum of squares of the momentum and the current…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Huishuai Zhang , Bohan Wang , Luoxin Chen

Adam has become one of the most popular optimizers for training modern deep neural networks, such as transformers. However, its applicability is largely restricted to single-level optimization problems. In this paper, we aim to extend…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Xiaochuan Gong , Jie Hao , Mingrui Liu

We introduce Gravity, another algorithm for gradient-based optimization. In this paper, we explain how our novel idea change parameters to reduce the deep learning model's loss. It has three intuitive hyper-parameters that the best values…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-25 Dariush Bahrami , Sadegh Pouriyan Zadeh

Adam is a popular variant of stochastic gradient descent for finding a local minimizer of a function. In the constant stepsize regime, assuming that the objective function is differentiable and non-convex, we establish the convergence in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-05-15 Anas Barakat , Pascal Bianchi

Stochastic optimization algorithms using exponential moving averages of the past gradients, such as ADAM, RMSProp and AdaGrad, have been having great successes in many applications, especially in training deep neural networks. ADAM in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Ruiqi Wang , Diego Klabjan

The Adaptive Momentum Estimation (Adam) algorithm is highly effective in training various deep learning tasks. Despite this, there's limited theoretical understanding for Adam, especially when focusing on its vanilla form in non-convex…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-25 Yusu Hong , Junhong Lin

Optimizer is an essential component for the success of deep learning, which guides the neural network to update the parameters according to the loss on the training set. SGD and Adam are two classical and effective optimizers on which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Yineng Chen , Zuchao Li , Lefei Zhang , Bo Du , Hai Zhao

Gradient descent (GD) based optimization methods are these days the standard tools to train deep neural networks in artificial intelligence systems. In optimization procedures in deep learning the employed optimizer is often not the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-24 Steffen Dereich , Robin Graeber , Arnulf Jentzen , Adrian Riekert

Adam has been widely adopted for training deep neural networks due to less hyperparameter tuning and remarkable performance. To improve generalization, Adam is typically used in tandem with a squared $\ell_2$ regularizer (referred to as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Zhenxun Zhuang , Mingrui Liu , Ashok Cutkosky , Francesco Orabona