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In the recent past, social media platforms have helped people in connecting and communicating to a wider audience. But this has also led to a drastic increase in cyberbullying. It is essential to detect and curb hate speech to keep the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Ravindra Nayak , Raviraj Joshi

Code-switching is the use of more than one language in the same conversation or utterance. Recently, multilingual contextual embedding models, trained on multiple monolingual corpora, have shown promising results on cross-lingual and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-15 Simran Khanuja , Sandipan Dandapat , Anirudh Srinivasan , Sunayana Sitaram , Monojit Choudhury

Multilingual code-switching research is often hindered by the lack and linguistically biased status of available datasets. To expand language representation, we synthesize code-switching data by replacing intonation units detected through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Yeeun Kang

It is well-known that speakers who entrain to one another have more successful conversations than those who do not. Previous research has shown that interlocutors entrain on linguistic features in both written and spoken monolingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Debasmita Bhattacharya , Siying Ding , Alayna Nguyen , Julia Hirschberg

Code-switching is the communication phenomenon where speakers switch between different languages during a conversation. With the widespread adoption of conversational agents and chat platforms, code-switching has become an integral part of…

Code-switching is a pervasive linguistic phenomenon in global communication, yet modern information retrieval systems remain predominantly designed for, and evaluated within, monolingual contexts. To bridge this critical disconnect, we…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Qingcheng Zeng , Yuheng Lu , Zeqi Zhou , Heli Qi , Puxuan Yu , Fuheng Zhao , Hitomi Yanaka , Weihao Xuan , Naoto Yokoya

Code-switching (CS), a ubiquitous phenomenon due to the ease of communication it offers in multilingual communities still remains an understudied problem in language processing. The primary reasons behind this are: (1) minimal efforts in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Parul Chopra , Sai Krishna Rallabandi , Alan W Black , Khyathi Raghavi Chandu

Code-switching (CS) refers to the phenomenon that languages switch within a speech signal and leads to language confusion for automatic speech recognition (ASR). This paper aims to address language confusion for improving CS-ASR from two…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-27 Hexin Liu , Haihua Xu , Leibny Paola Garcia , Andy W. H. Khong , Yi He , Sanjeev Khudanpur

Recent large language models (LLMs) demonstrate multilingual abilities, yet they are English-centric due to dominance of English in training corpora. The limited resource for low-resource languages remains a crucial challenge.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Seoyeon Kim , Huiseo Kim , Chanjun Park , Jinyoung Yeo , Dongha Lee

Code-switching (CS) is common in daily conversations where more than one language is used within a sentence. The difficulties of CS speech recognition lie in alternating languages and the lack of transcribed data. Therefore, this paper uses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-08 Liang-Hsuan Tseng , Yu-Kuan Fu , Heng-Jui Chang , Hung-yi Lee

In recent times, we have seen an increased use of text chat for communication on social networks and smartphones. This particularly involves the use of Hindi-English code-mixed text which contains words which are not recognized in English…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Divyansh Singh

Code-switching (CS) refers to a linguistic phenomenon where a speaker uses different languages in an utterance or between alternating utterances. In this work, we study end-to-end (E2E) approaches to the Mandarin-English code-switching…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-12 Zhiping Zeng , Yerbolat Khassanov , Van Tung Pham , Haihua Xu , Eng Siong Chng , Haizhou Li

Code switching (CS) refers to the phenomenon of interchangeably using words and phrases from different languages. CS can pose significant accuracy challenges to NLP, due to the often monolingual nature of the underlying systems. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Orion Weller , Matthias Sperber , Telmo Pires , Hendra Setiawan , Christian Gollan , Dominic Telaar , Matthias Paulik

Code-switching (CS) phenomenon occurs when words or phrases from different languages are alternated in a single sentence. Due to data scarcity, building an effective CS Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system remains challenging. In this…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-23 Yu Xi , Wen Ding , Kai Yu , Junjie Lai

Code mixing (or code switching) is a common phenomenon observed in social-media content generated by a linguistically diverse user-base. Studies show that in the Indian sub-continent, a substantial fraction of social media posts exhibit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Ashiqur R. KhudaBukhsh , Shriphani Palakodety , Jaime G. Carbonell

Code-mixing is the practice of using two or more languages in a single sentence, which often occurs in multilingual communities such as India where people commonly speak multiple languages. Classic NLP tools, trained on monolingual data,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Shruti Jagdale , Omkar Khade , Gauri Takalikar , Mihir Inamdar , Raviraj Joshi

With increasing globalization and immigration, various studies have estimated that about half of the world population is bilingual. Consequently, individuals concurrently use two or more languages or dialects in casual conversational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Saurav K. Aryal , Howard Prioleau , Gloria Washington

Sarcasm detection and humor classification are inherently subtle problems, primarily due to their dependence on the contextual and non-verbal information. Furthermore, existing studies in these two topics are usually constrained in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Manjot Bedi , Shivani Kumar , Md Shad Akhtar , Tanmoy Chakraborty

An increasing number of people in the world today speak a mixed-language as a result of being multilingual. However, building a speech recognition system for code-switching remains difficult due to the availability of limited resources and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-30 Genta Indra Winata , Samuel Cahyawijaya , Zhaojiang Lin , Zihan Liu , Peng Xu , Pascale Fung

Code-switching (CSW) is a common phenomenon among multilingual speakers where multiple languages are used in a single discourse or utterance. Mixed language utterances may still contain grammatical errors however, yet most existing Grammar…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Kelvin Wey Han Chan , Christopher Bryant , Li Nguyen , Andrew Caines , Zheng Yuan