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We derive an explicit formula for the Abelian complexity of infinite words associated with quadratic Parry numbers.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-09-27 Ľubomíra Balková , Karel Břinda , Ondřej Turek

We implement a decision procedure for answering questions about a class of infinite words that might be called (for lack of a better name) "Tribonacci-automatic". This class includes, for example, the famous Tribonacci word T =…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-07-29 Hamoon Mousavi , Jeffrey Shallit

We study the following problem, first introduced by Dekking. Consider an infinite word x over an alphabet {0,1,...,k-1} and a semigroup homomorphism S:{0,1,...,k-1}* -> N. Let L_x denote the set of factors of x. What conditions on S and the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-07-22 Ian Kaye , Narad Rampersad

In this paper, we study the relation between periodicity of two-dimensional words and their abelian pattern complexity. A pattern $\cal{P}$ in $\mathbb{Z}^n$ is the set of all translations of some finite subset $F$ of $\mathbb{Z}^n$. An…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-12-28 Nikolai Geravker , Svetlana Puzynina

In this paper, we prove that for every integer $k \geq 1$, the $k$-abelian complexity function of the Cantor sequence $\mathbf{c} = 101000101\cdots$ is a $3$-regular sequence.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-03-14 Jin Chen , Xiaotao Lü , Wen Wu

Letting $w$ denote a finite, nonempty word, let $\text{red}(w)$ denote the word obtained from $w$ by replacing every subword $s$ of $w$ of the form $cc \cdots c$ for a given character $c$ (such that there is no character immediately to the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-22 John M. Campbell , James Currie , Narad Rampersad

Constantinescu and Ilie (Bulletin EATCS 89, 167--170, 2006) introduced the notion of an \emph{Abelian period} of a word. A word of length $n$ over an alphabet of size $\sigma$ can have $\Theta(n^{2})$ distinct Abelian periods. The…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2013-12-05 Gabriele Fici , Thierry Lecroq , Arnaud Lefebvre , Elise Prieur-Gaston

We prove 3SUM-hardness (no strongly subquadratic-time algorithm, assuming the 3SUM conjecture) of several problems related to finding Abelian square and additive square factors in a string. In particular, we conclude conditional optimality…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-07-21 Jakub Radoszewski , Wojciech Rytter , Juliusz Straszyński , Tomasz Waleń , Wiktor Zuba

We consider the complexities of substitutive sequences over a binary alphabet. By studying various types of special words, we show that, knowing some initial values, its complexity can be completely formulated via a recurrence formula…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-07-16 Bo Tan , Zhi-Xiong Wen , Yiping Zhang

We survey known results and open problems in abelian combinatorics on words. Abelian combinatorics on words is the extension to the commutative setting of the classical theory of combinatorics on words. The extension is based on…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2023-01-02 Gabriele Fici , Svetlana Puzynina

We analyze the bit complexity of an algorithm for the computation of at least one point in each connected component of a smooth real algebraic set. This work is a continuation of our analysis of the hypersurface case (On the bit complexity…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2022-07-12 Jesse Elliott , Mark Giesbrecht , Eric Schost

We find an explicit closed form for the subword complexity of the infinite fixed point of the morphism sending $a \rightarrow aab$ and $b \rightarrow b$. This morphism is then generalized in three different ways, and we find similar…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-05-10 J. -P. Allouche , J. Shallit

We study structure of pure morphic and morphic sequences and prove the following result: the subword complexity of arbitrary morphic sequence is either $\Theta(n^{1+1/k})$ for some $k\in\mathbb N$, or is $O(n \log n)$.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-02-23 Rostislav Devyatov

This paper examines Automatic Complexity, a complexity notion introduced by Shallit and Wang in 2001. We demonstrate that there exists a normal sequence $T$ such that $I(T) = 0$ and $S(T) \leq 1/2$, where $I(T)$ and $S(T)$ are the lower and…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Liam Jordon , Philippe Moser

Abelian periodicity of strings has been studied extensively over the last years. In 2006 Constantinescu and Ilie defined the abelian period of a string and several algorithms for the computation of all abelian periods of a string were…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Michalis Christou , Maxime Crochemore , Costas S. Iliopoulos

In this paper we introduce and study a family of complexity functions of infinite words indexed by $k \in \ints ^+ \cup {+\infty}.$ Let $k \in \ints ^+ \cup {+\infty}$ and $A$ be a finite non-empty set. Two finite words $u$ and $v$ in $A^*$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-01-23 Juhani Karhumaki , Aleksi Saarela , Luca Q. Zamboni

In this work we introduce a new notion called opacity complexity to measure the complexity of automatic sequences. We study basic properties of this notion, and exhibit an algorithm to compute it. As applications, we compute the opacity…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-23 J. -P. Allouche , J. -Y. Yao

The Tribonacci sequence $\mathbb{T}$ is the fixed point of the substitution $\sigma(a)=ab$, $\sigma(b)=ac$, $\sigma(c)=a$. The prefix of $\mathbb{T}$ of length $n$ is denoted by $\mathbb{T}[1,n]$. The main result is threefold, we give: (1)…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2016-09-22 Yu-Ke Huang , Zhi-Ying Wen

Many research works have concerned normality-preserving selection rules and operations on the sequence of digits of a given normal number that maintain or violate normality. This leads us to introduce rearrangement operations on finite…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-05 John M. Campbell

We study the computational and descriptional complexity of the following transformation: Given a one-counter automaton (OCA) A, construct a nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA) B that recognizes an abstraction of the language L(A): its…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-02-11 Mohamed Faouzi Atig , Dmitry Chistikov , Piotr Hofman , K Narayan Kumar , Prakash Saivasan , Georg Zetzsche