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We provide a comprehensive analysis of the differences between two important standards for randomized benchmarking (RB): the Clifford-group RB protocol proposed originally in Emerson et al (2005) and Dankert et al (2006), and a variant of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-27 Kristine Boone , Arnaud Carignan-Dugas , Joel J. Wallman , Joseph Emerson

We investigate randomized benchmarking in a general setting with quantum gates that form a representation, not necessarily an irreducible one, of a finite group. We derive an estimate for the average fidelity, to which experimental data may…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-23 Daniel Stilck França , Anna-Lena Hashagen

Randomized benchmarking (RB) protocols are widely used to measure an average error rate for a set of quantum logic gates. However, the standard version of RB is limited because it only benchmarks a processor's native gates indirectly, by…

Randomized benchmarking is routinely used as an efficient method for characterizing the performance of sets of elementary logic gates in small quantum devices. In the measurement-based model of quantum computation, logic gates are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-05 Rafael N. Alexander , Peter S. Turner , Stephen D. Bartlett

Randomized benchmarking (RB) is widely used to measure an error rate of a set of quantum gates, by performing random circuits that would do nothing if the gates were perfect. In the limit of no finite-sampling error, the exponential decay…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-03 Timothy Proctor , Kenneth Rudinger , Kevin Young , Mohan Sarovar , Robin Blume-Kohout

As experimental platforms for quantum information processing continue to mature, characterization of the quality of unitary gates that can be applied to their quantum bits (qubits) becomes essential. Eventually, the quality must be…

Recently, there has been an emergence of useful applications for noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices notably, though not exclusively, in the fields of quantum machine learning and variational quantum algorithms. In such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-26 Ellen Derbyshire , Rawad Mezher , Theodoros Kapourniotis , Elham Kashefi

Estimating the features of noise is the first step in a chain of protocols that will someday lead to fault tolerant quantum computers. The randomized benchmarking (RB) protocol is designed with this exact mindset, estimating the average…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-15 Pedro Figueroa-Romero , Kavan Modi , Thomas M. Stace , Min-Hsiu Hsieh

Randomized benchmarking is a powerful technique to efficiently estimate the performance and reliability of quantum gates, circuits and devices. Here we propose to perform randomized benchmarking in a coherent way, where superpositions of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-14 Jorge Miguel-Ramiro , Alexander Pirker , Wolfgang Dür

We introduce binary randomized benchmarking (BiRB), a protocol that streamlines traditional RB by using circuits consisting almost entirely of i.i.d. layers of gates. BiRB reliably and efficiently extracts the average error rate of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-20 Jordan Hines , Daniel Hothem , Robin Blume-Kohout , Birgitta Whaley , Timothy Proctor

The standard randomized benchmarking protocol requires access to often complex operations that are not always directly accessible. Compiler optimization does not always ensure equal sequence length of the directly accessible universal gates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-09 Mohsen Mehrani , Kasra Masoudi , Rawad Mezher , Elham Kashefi , Debasis Sadhukhan

Unitarity randomized benchmarking (URB) is an experimental procedure for estimating the coherence of implemented quantum gates independently of state preparation and measurement errors. These estimates of the coherence are measured by the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-17 Bas Dirkse , Jonas Helsen , Stephanie Wehner

One of the main challenges in building a quantum processor is to characterize the environmental noise. Noise characterization can be achieved by exploiting different techniques, such as randomization where several sequences of random…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-04 Elena Ferraro , Marco De Michielis

With the development of controllable quantum systems, fast and practical characterization for multi-qubit gates is essential for building high-fidelity quantum computing devices. The usual way to fulfill this requirement via randomized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-10 Yihong Zhang , Wenjun Yu , Pei Zeng , Guoding Liu , Xiongfeng Ma

We aim to establish a scalable scheme for characterising diagonal non-Clifford gates for single- and multi-qudit systems; \(d\) is a prime-power integer. By employing cyclic operators and a qudit T gate, we generalise the dihedral…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-02 David Amaro-Alcalá , Barry C. Sanders , Hubert de Guise

Errors are common issues in quantum computing platforms, among which leakage is one of the most challenging to address. This is because leakage, i.e., the loss of information stored in the computational subspace to undesired subspaces in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-19 Bujiao Wu , Xiaoyang Wang , Xiao Yuan , Cupjin Huang , Jianxin Chen

We demonstrate a new technique that adapts single-qubit randomized benchmarking to two-qubit M{\o}lmer-S{\o}rensen gates. We use the controllable gate phase to generate Cliffords that act on a two-state subspace, enabling benchmarking of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-13 R. T. Sutherland , A. C. Hughes , J. P. Marceaux , H. M. Knaack , C. M. Löschnauer , R. Srinivas

Quantum gate benchmarking is unavoidably influenced by state preparation and measurement errors. Randomized benchmarking addresses this challenge by employing group twirling to regularize the noise channel, then provides a characterization…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-02 Han Ye , Guoding Liu , Xiongfeng Ma

Randomized benchmarking is an experimental procedure intended to demonstrate control of quantum systems. The procedure extracts the average error introduced by a set of control operations. When the target set of operations is intended to be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-27 Adam M. Meier

We describe how randomized benchmarking can be used to reconstruct the unital part of any trace-preserving quantum map, which in turn is sufficient for the full characterization of any unitary evolution, or more generally, any unital…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-04-12 Shelby Kimmel , Marcus P. da Silva , Colm A. Ryan , Blake R. Johnson , Thomas Ohki