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One of the main problems in quantum communications is how to achieve high rates at long distances. Quantum repeaters, i.e., untrusted, intermediate relay stations, are necessary to overcome the repeaterless bound which sets the fundamental…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-11 Matthew S. Winnel , Joshua J. Guanzon , Nedasadat Hosseinidehaj , Timothy C. Ralph

We present a new control algorithm and system design for a network of quantum repeaters, and outline the end-to-end protocol architecture. Such a network will create long-distance quantum states, supporting quantum key distribution as well…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-09-01 Rodney Van Meter , Thaddeus D. Ladd , W. J. Munro , Kae Nemoto

We perform a numerical study of the distribution of entanglement on a real-world fiber grid connecting the German cities of Bonn and Berlin. The connection is realized using a chain of processing-node quantum repeaters spanning roughly 900…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-07 Francisco Ferreira da Silva , Guus Avis , Joshua A. Slater , Stephanie Wehner

A long-distance quantum network for distributing entangled states would support novel information applications, such as unconditionally secure cryptography and distributed quantum computing. Realizing such a network requires hardware that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-10-18 Cody Jones , Kristiaan De Greve , Yoshihisa Yamamoto

Quantum networks are expected to enhance distributed quantum computing and quantum communication over long distances while providing security dependent upon physical effects rather than mathematical assumptions. Through simulation, we show…

Entanglement generation in long-distance quantum networks is a difficult process due to resource limitations and the probabilistic nature of entanglement swapping. To maximize success probability, existing quantum routing algorithms employ…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Tasdiqul Islam , Md Arifuzzaman , Engin Arslan

The vision to develop quantum networks entails multi-user applications, which require the generation of long-distance multi-party entangled states. The current rapid experimental progress in building prototype-networks calls for new design…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-24 V. V. Kuzmin , D. V. Vasilyev , N. Sangouard , W. Dür , C. A. Muschik

Quantum communication is a secure way to transfer quantum information and to communicate with legitimate parties over distant places in a network. Although communication over a long distance has already been attained, technical problem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-07 Bikash K. Behera , Swarnadeep Seth , Antariksha Das , Prasanta K. Panigrahi

Connecting multiple smaller qubit modules by generating high-fidelity entangled states is a promising path for scaling quantum computing hardware. The performance of such a modular quantum computer is highly dependent on the quality and…

The research of architecture has tremendous significance in realizing quantum Internet. Although there is not yet a standard quantum Internet architecture, the distributed architecture is one of the possible solutions, which utilizes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-10 Binjie He , Dong Zhang , Seng W. Loke , Shengrui Lin , Luke Lu

Existing classical optical network infrastructure cannot be immediately used for quantum network applications due to photon loss. The first step towards enabling quantum networks is the integration of quantum repeaters into optical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-28 Shahrooz Pouryousef , Hassan Shapourian , Alireza Shabani , Ramana Kompella , Don Towsley

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the scalability challenges and opportunities in quantum communication networks, with the goal of determining parameters that impact networks most as well as the trends that appear when scaling…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Connor Howe , Mohsin Aziz , Ali Anwar

Quantum entanglement is a building block of the entangled quantum networks of the quantum Internet. A fundamental problem of the quantum Internet is entanglement distribution. Since quantum entanglement will be fundamental to any future…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-02 Laszlo Gyongyosi , Sandor Imre

In a quantum network that successfully creates links, shared Bell states between neighboring repeater nodes, with probability $p$ in each time slot, and performs Bell State Measurements at nodes with success probability $q<1$, the end to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-15 Ashlesha Patil , Joshua I. Jacobson , Emily van Milligen , Don Towsley , Saikat Guha

Quantum repeaters are essential for achieving long-distance quantum communication due to photon loss, which grows exponentially with the channel distance. Current quantum repeater generations use entanglement distillation protocols, where…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-09 Iftach Yakar , Michael Ben-Or

Quantum repeaters create long-distance entanglement between quantum systems while overcoming difficulties such as the attenuation of single photons in a fiber. Recently, an implementation of a repeater protocol based on single qubits in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-07-03 L. Jiang , J. M. Taylor , M. D. Lukin

Quantum networks, which enable the transfer of quantum information across long distances, promise to provide exciting benefits and new possibilities in many areas including communication, computation, security, and metrology. These networks…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-14 Alexander Kolar , Allen Zang , Joaquin Chung , Martin Suchara , Rajkumar Kettimuthu

Near-term quantum computers can hold only a small number of qubits. One way to facilitate large-scale quantum computations is through a distributed network of quantum computers. In this work, we consider the problem of distributing quantum…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Ranjani G Sundaram , Himanshu Gupta , C. R. Ramakrishnan

Quantum optical states are fragile and can become corrupted when passed through a lossy communication channel. Unlike for classical signals, optical amplifiers cannot be used to recover quantum signals. Quantum repeaters have been proposed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-15 Josephine Dias , Timothy C Ralph

Long-distance quantum communication presents a significant challenge as maintaining the fidelity of qubits can be difficult. This issue can be addressed through the use of quantum repeaters to transmit entanglement information through Bell…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-18 Tasdiqul Islam , Engin Arslan