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C is the lingua franca of programming and almost any device can be programmed using C. However, programming mod-ern heterogeneous architectures such as multi-core CPUs and GPUs requires explicitly expressing parallelism as well as…

For several decades, the CPU has been the standard model to use in the majority of computing. While the CPU does excel in some areas, heterogeneous computing, such as reconfigurable hardware, is showing increasing potential in areas like…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-04-21 Carl-Johannes Johnsen , Alberte Thegler , Kenneth Skovhede , Brian Vinter

Transformers and vision-language models (VLMs) have emerged as dominant architectures in computer vision and multimodal AI, offering state-of-the-art performance in tasks such as image classification, object detection, visual question…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Safa Mohammed Sali , Mahmoud Meribout , Ashiyana Abdul Majeed

Hardware heterogeneity is here to stay for high-performance computing. Large-scale systems are currently equipped with multiple GPU accelerators per compute node and are expected to incorporate more specialized hardware. This shift in the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Polykarpos Thomadakis , Nikos Chrisochoides

Customized accelerators have revolutionized modern computing by delivering substantial gains in energy efficiency and performance through hardware specialization. Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) play a crucial role in this paradigm,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Stéphane Pouget , Michael Lo , Louis-Noël Pouchet , Jason Cong

FPGAs have found their way into data centers as accelerator cards, making reconfigurable computing more accessible for high-performance applications. At the same time, new high-level synthesis compilers like Xilinx Vitis and runtime…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-12-16 Puya Amiri , Arsène Pérard-Gayot , Richard Membarth , Philipp Slusallek , Roland Leißa , Sebastian Hack

The pervasive adoption of Deep Learning (DL) and Graph Processing (GP) makes it a de facto requirement to build large-scale clusters of heterogeneous accelerators including GPUs and FPGAs. The OpenCL programming framework can be used on the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-05-19 Yao Chen , Xin Long , Jiong He , Yuhang Chen , Hongshi Tan , Zhenxiang Zhang , Marianne Winslett , Deming Chen

Domain-specific accelerators are used in various computing systems ranging from edge devices to data centers. Coarse-grained reconfigurable arrays (CGRAs) represent an architectural midpoint between the flexibility of an FPGA and the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-01-04 Taeyoung Kong , Kalhan Koul , Priyanka Raina , Mark Horowitz , Christopher Torng

Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have evolved from uniform logic arrays into heterogeneous fabrics integrating digital signal processors (DSPs), memories, and specialized accelerators to support emerging workloads such as machine…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Allen Boston , Biruk Seyoum , Luca Carloni , Pierre-Emmanuel Gaillardon

Reducing energy consumption is a challenge that is faced on a daily basis by teams from the High-Performance Computing as well as the Embedded domain. This issue is mostly attacked from an hardware perspective, by devising architectures…

Performance · Computer Science 2015-11-30 Baptiste Delporte , Roberto Rigamonti , Alberto Dassatti

The edge computing paradigm has emerged to handle cloud computing issues such as scalability, security and low response time among others. This new computing trend heavily relies on ubiquitous embedded systems on the edge. Performance and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-01-28 Mohammad Hosseinabady , Mohd Amiruddin Bin Zainol , Jose Nunez-Yanez

Embedded system performances are bounded by power consumption. The trend is to offload greedy computations on hardware accelerators as GPU, Xeon Phi or FPGA. FPGA chips combine both flexibility of programmable chips and energy-efficiency of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-01-16 Christophe Alias

FPGA-based heterogeneous architectures provide programmers with the ability to customize their hardware accelerators for flexible acceleration of many workloads. Nonetheless, such advantages come at the cost of sacrificing programmability.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2018-07-05 Jason Cong , Zhenman Fang , Yuchen Hao , Peng Wei , Cody Hao Yu , Chen Zhang , Peipei Zhou

We advocate a domain specific software development methodology for heterogeneous computing platforms such as Multicore CPUs, GPUs and FPGAs. We argue that three specific benefits are realised from adopting such an approach: portable,…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2014-08-22 Gordon Inggs , David Thomas , Wayne Luk

Reconfigurable computing refers to the use of processors, such as Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), that can be modified at the hardware level to take on different processing tasks. A reconfigurable computing platform describes the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Darran Nathan , Kelvin Lim Mun Kit , Kelly Choo Hon Min , Philip Wong Jit Chin , Andreas Weisensee

Heterogeneous systems, consisting of CPUs and GPUs, offer the capability to address the demands of compute- and data-intensive applications. However, programming such systems is challenging, requiring knowledge of various parallel…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Suejb Memeti

Modern computing systems increasingly rely on composing heterogeneous devices to improve performance and efficiency. Programming these systems is often unproductive: algorithm implementations must be coupled to system-specific logic,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Russel Arbore , Aaron Councilman , Xavier Routh , Ryan Ziegler , Praneet Rathi , Vikram Adve

Heterogeneous computing systems, which combine general-purpose processors with specialized accelerators, are increasingly important for optimizing the performance of modern applications. A central challenge is to decide which parts of an…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Martin Wilhelm , Franz Freitag , Max Tzschoppe , Thilo Pionteck

To support growing massive parallelism, functional components and also the capabilities of current processors are changing and continue to do so. Todays computers are built upon multiple processing cores and run applications consisting of a…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2016-04-07 Somnath Mazumdar , Roberto Giorgi

The growing complexity of computational workloads has amplified the need for efficient and specialized hardware accelerators. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) have emerged as prominent solutions,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Arnab A Purkayastha , Jay Tharwani , Shobhit Aggarwal