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Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is a fundamental enabler to provide high data throughput in next generation cellular networks. By equipping the base stations (BSs) with tens or hundreds of antenna elements, narrow and high…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-01-26 Paolo Baracca , Andreas Weber , Thorsten Wild , Christophe Grangeat

This paper focuses on new communication paradigms arising in massive multiple-input-multiple-output systems where the antenna array at the base station is of extremely large dimension (xMaMIMO). Due to the extreme dimension of the array,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-10-05 Abolfazl Amiri , Marko Angjelichinoski , Elisabeth de Carvalho , Robert W. Heath

Extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) is a key enabling technology for sixth-generation (6G) communication systems. Nevertheless, the increase in array aperture and signal bandwidth brings new challenges to wideband…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-23 Qingxia Feng , Yin Fang , Meng Hua , Cheng Zhang , Chunguo Li , Yongming Huang , Luxi Yang

One of the most important technologies in the fifth generation (5G) and the sixth generation (6G) is massive multiple input multiple outputs (MIMO) or extremely large-scale MIMO (XL-MIMO). With the evolving high-frequency technologies in…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Xiangyu Cui , Ki-Hong Park , Mohamed-Slim Alouini

Near-field propagation in extremely large-scale MIMO (XL-MIMO) enlarges the beam training (BT) search space by introducing an additional range dimension, which makes conventional codebook-based beam sweeping prohibitively expensive under…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-13 Xinyang Li , Songjie Yang , Xiang Ling , Jianhui Song , Yibo Wang , Hua Chen

Extremely large-scale reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (XL-RISs) have emerged as a promising technology for millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications. However, the exceedingly large aperture of XL-RISs renders the RIS-user links likely to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Erkang Dong , Taihao Zhang , Cunhua Pan , Hong Ren , Jiangzhou Wang

A massive MIMO system entails a large number of base station antennas M serving a much smaller number of users. This leads to large gains in spectral and energy efficiency compared with other technologies. As the number of antennas M grows,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-07-13 Ansuman Adhikary , Alexei Ashikhmin

In this paper, channel estimation problem for extremely large-scale multi-input multi-output (XL-MIMO) systems is investigated with the considerations of the spherical wavefront effect and the spatially non-stationary (SnS) property. Due to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Anzheng Tang , Jun-Bo Wang , Yijin Pan , Wence Zhang , Yijian Chen , Hongkang Yu , Rodrigo C. de Lamare

Extremely large-scale arrays (XL-arrays) have emerged as a promising technology to achieve super-high spectral efficiency and spatial resolution in future wireless systems. The large aperture of XL-arrays means that spherical rather than…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-29 Changsheng You , Yunpu Zhang , Chenyu Wu , Yong Zeng , Beixiong Zheng , Li Chen , Linglong Dai , A. Lee Swindlehurst

Millimeter wave MIMO combines the benefits of compact antenna arrays with a large number of elements and massive bandwidths, so that fully digital beamforming has the potential of supporting a large number of simultaneous users with {\it…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-02 Mohammed Abdelghany , Ali A. Farid , Upamanyu Madhow , Mark J. W. Rodwell

Extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) is capable of supporting extremely high system capacities with large numbers of users. In this work, we build a framework for the analysis and low-complexity design of XL-MIMO…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-13 Kangda Zhi , Cunhua Pan , Hong Ren , Kok Keong Chai , Cheng-Xiang Wang , Robert Schober , Xiaohu You

This paper proposes a grant-free massive access scheme based on the millimeter wave (mmWave) extra-large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) to support massive Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices with low latency, high data rate,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Li Qiao , Anwen Liao , Zhuoran Li , Hua Wang , Zhen Gao , Xiang Gao , Yu Su , Pei Xiao , Li You , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng

Massive antenna arrays form physically large apertures with a beam-focusing capability, leading to outstanding wireless power transfer (WPT) efficiency paired with low radiation levels outside the focusing region. However, leveraging these…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-28 Benjamin J. B. Deutschmann , Thomas Wilding , Maximilian Graber , Klaus Witrisal

Movable antenna (MA) has been recognized as a promising technology to improve communication performance in future wireless networks such as 6G. To unleash its potential, this paper proposes a novel architecture, namely extremely large-scale…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Min Fu , Lipeng Zhu , Rui Zhang

This paper investigates the design of channel estimation and 3D localization algorithms in a challenging scenario, where a sub-connected planar extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) communicates with multi-antenna…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-24 Kangda Zhi , Tianyu Yang , Songyan Xue , Giuseppe Caire

Future sixth-generation (6G) systems are expected to leverage extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) technology, which significantly expands the range of the near-field region. The spherical wavefront characteristics…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Shicong Liu , Xianghao Yu , Zhen Gao , Jie Xu , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Shuguang Cui

In this paper, we study the deployment optimization for an extremely large-scale intelligent reflecting surface (XL-IRS) assisted multi-user communication system, within which the channels between the XL-IRS and the BS (or user) are modeled…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-29 Chao Zhou , Changsheng You , Tianyu Liu , Bin Lyu

Near-field extremely large multiple input multiple output (XL-MIMO) breaks the assumptions that make classical super-resolution effective: the receiver acquires only a limited set of compressed pilot observations, while each propagation…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-14 Sajad Daei , Gabor Fodor , Mikael Skoglund

This work deals with turbo coded single user massive multiple input multiple output (SU-MMIMO) systems, with and without precoding. SU-MMIMO has a much higher spectral efficiency compared to multi-user massive MIMO (MU-MMIMO) since…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-07-07 K. Vasudevan , A. Phani Kumar Reddy , Gyanesh Kumar Pathak , Mahmoud Albreem

In this paper, we analyze the achievable rate of the uplink of a single-cell multi-user distributed massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system. The multiple users are equipped with single antenna and the base station (BS) is…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Ang Yang , Yindi Jing , Chengwen Xing , Zesong Fei , Jingming Kuang