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We present a data analysis methodology for a model-independent reconstruction of the spectral shape of a stochastic gravitational wave background with LISA. We improve a previously proposed reconstruction algorithm that relied on a single…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-02-17 Raphael Flauger , Nikolaos Karnesis , Germano Nardini , Mauro Pieroni , Angelo Ricciardone , Jesús Torrado

Time-Delay Interferometry (TDI) is the data processing technique needed for generating interferometric combinations of data measured by the multiple Doppler readouts available onboard the three LISA spacecraft. Within the space of all…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 Massimo Tinto , Shane L. Larson

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is a European Space Agency mission that aims to measure gravitational waves in the millihertz range. Laser frequency noise enters the interferometric measurements and dominates the expected…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-05-22 Jean-Baptiste Bayle , Marc Lilley , Antoine Petiteau , Hubert Halloin

The LISA mission is a space interferometer aiming at the detection of gravitational waves in the [$10^{-4}$,$10^{-1}$] Hz frequency band. In order to reach the gravitational wave detection level, a Time Delay Interferometry (TDI) method…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 S. Pireaux

Time-delay interferometry is put forward to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of space-borne gravitational wave detectors by canceling the large laser phase noise with different combinations of measured data. Based on the Michelson data…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-07-08 Xiao-Yu Lu , Yu-Jie Tan , Cheng-Gang Shao

The space-based gravitational-wave observatory LISA relies on a form of synthetic interferometry (time-delay interferometry, or TDI) where the otherwise overwhelming laser phase noise is canceled by linear combinations of appropriately…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-04-28 Michele Vallisneri , Jean-Baptiste Bayle , Stanislav Babak , Antoine Petiteau

We explore the impact of choosing different sets of Time-Delay Interferometry (TDI) variables for detecting and reconstructing Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background (SGWB) signals and estimating the instrumental noise in LISA. Most works…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-07-05 Olaf Hartwig , Marc Lilley , Martina Muratore , Mauro Pieroni

We report on three numerical experiments on the implementation of Time-Delay Interferometry (TDI) for LISA, performed with Synthetic LISA, a C++/Python package that we developed to simulate the LISA science process at the level of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 Michele Vallisneri

Time Delay Interferometry (TDI) is an indispensable step in the whole data processing procedure of space-based gravitational wave detection, as it mitigates the overwhelming laser frequency noise, which would otherwise completely bury the…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-07-30 Minghui Du , Pengzhan Wu , Ziren Luo , Peng Xu

Time-delay interferometry (TDI) suppresses laser frequency noise by forming linear combinations of time-shifted interferometric measurements. The time-shift operation is implemented by interpolating discretely sampled data. To enable…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-06-16 Martin Staab , Jean-Baptiste Bayle , Olaf Hartwig , Aurélien Hees , Marc Lilley , Graham Woan , Peter Wolf

Equal-arm interferometric detectors of gravitational radiation allow phase measurements many orders of magnitude below the intrinsic phase stability of the laser injecting light into their arms. This is because the noise in the laser light…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-03-25 Massimo Tinto , Sanjeev V. Dhurandhar

Space-based gravitational wave (GW) detectors are designed for wave sources in the millihertz band with different locations and orientations. Time-delay interferometry (TDI) technique is an indispensable ingredient in space-borne GW…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-12-05 Pan-Pan Wang , Hao-Kang Chen , Wei-Liang Qian , Rui Luo , Jing Zhou , Wei-Sheng Huang , Yu-Jie Tan , Cheng-Gang Shao

Probing extra polarizations in gravitational waves (GWs) with space-based detectors is the most direct method for testing theories of gravity. In this paper, by employing the second-generation time-delay interferometry (TDI) to cancel out…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-07-22 Tong Jiang , Chunyu Zhang

The proposed Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission is tasked with the detection and characterization of gravitational waves from various sources in the universe. This endeavor is challenged by transient displacement and…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-05-21 Niklas Houba , Luigi Ferraioli , Domenico Giardini

LISA is a joint space mission of the NASA and the ESA for detecting low frequency gravitational waves in the band $10^{-5} - 1$ Hz. In order to attain the requisite sensitivity for LISA, the laser frequency noise must be suppressed below…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-12-18 S. V. Dhurandhar , J-Y. Vinet , K. Rajesh Nayak

With a laser interferometric gravitational-wave detector in separate free flying spacecraft, the only way to achieve detection is to mitigate the dominant noise arising from the frequency fluctuations of the lasers via postprocessing. The…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-04-27 Quentin Baghi , John Baker , Jacob Slutsky , James Ira Thorpe

The success of LISA Pathfinder in demonstrating the LISA drag-free requirement paved the road of using space missions for detecting low-frequency and middle-frequency GWs. The new LISA GW mission proposes to use arm length of 2.5 Gm (1 Gm =…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-06-26 Gang Wang , Wei-Tou Ni

We report on the first demonstration of time-delay interferometry (TDI) for LISA, the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna. TDI was implemented in a laboratory experiment designed to mimic the noise couplings that will occur in LISA. TDI…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-03-17 Glenn de Vine , Brent Ware , Kirk McKenzie , Robert E. Spero , William M. Klipstein , Daniel A. Shaddock

We generalize the combinatorial algebraic approach first proposed by Dhurandhar et al. to construct various classes of modified second-generation time-delay interferometry (TDI) solutions. The main idea behind the algorithm is to enumerate,…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2023-02-15 Zhang-Qi Wu , Pan-Pan Wang , Wei-Liang Qian , Cheng-Gang Shao

Raw space-based gravitational-wave data like LISA's phase measurements are dominated by laser frequency noise. The standard technique to make this data usable for science is time-delay interferometry (TDI), which cancels laser noise terms…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-04-12 Quentin Baghi , John G. Baker , Jacob Slutsky , James Ira Thorpe