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Super-puffs are a class of low-mass, large-radius planets that have challenged planet formation and evolution models. Their high inferred H/He mass fractions, required to explain their physical sizes, would lead to rapid atmospheric escape,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-31 Yao Tang , Jonathan J. Fortney , Ruth Murray-Clay , Madelyn Broome

Exoplanets number in their thousands, and the number is ever increasing with the advent of new surveys and improved instrumentation. One of the most surprising things we have learnt from these discoveries is not that small-rocky planets in…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-03-03 H. R. Wakeford , P. A. Dalba

Absorption of high-energy radiation in planetary thermospheres is believed to lead to the formation of planetary winds. The resulting mass-loss rates can affect the evolution, particularly of small gas planets. We present 1D, spherically…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-01-27 M. Salz , S. Czesla , P. C. Schneider , J. H. M. M. Schmitt

What kind of environment may exist on terrestrial planets around other stars? In spite of the lack of direct observations, it may not be premature to speculate on exoplanetary climates, for instance to optimize future telescopic…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-17 Francois Forget , Jeremy Leconte

The heavy element content of giant exoplanets, inferred from structure models based on their radius and mass, often exceeds predictions based on classical core accretion. Pebble drift, coupled with volatile evaporation, has been proposed as…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-01-28 Barry O'Donovan , Bertram Bitsch

The population of small, close-in exoplanets is bifurcated into super-Earths and sub-Neptunes. We calculate physically motivated mass-radius relations for sub-Neptunes, with rocky cores and H/He dominated atmospheres, accounting for their…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-04-26 James G. Rogers , Hilke E. Schlichting , James E. Owen

Planets intermediate in size between the Earth and Neptune, and orbiting closer to their host stars than Mercury does the Sun, are the most common type of planet revealed by exoplanet surveys over the last quarter century. Results from…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-02-10 Jacob L. Bean , Sean N. Raymond , James E. Owen

A substantial number of super-Earths have been discovered, and atmospheres of transiting super-Earths have also been observed by transmission spectroscopy. Several lines of observational evidence indicate that most super-Earths do not…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-04-15 Masahiro Ogihara , Yasunori Hori

Theory and observation for the search for life on exoplanets via atmospheric "biosignature gases" is accelerating, motivated by the capabilities of the next generation of space- and ground-based telescopes. The most observationally…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-07-27 S. Seager , J. Huang , J. J. Petkowski , M. Pajusalu

Short-period exoplanets potentially lose envelope masses during their evolution because of atmospheric escape caused by the intense XUV radiation from their host stars. We develop a combined model of atmospheric mass loss calculation and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-16 Hiroyuki Kurokawa , Lisa Kaltenegger

The transit method, during which a planet's presence is inferred by measuring the reduction in flux as it passes in front of its parent star, is a highly successful exoplanet detection and characterization technique. During transit, the…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2026-01-13 Joanna K. Barstow , Hannah R. Wakeford , Sarah L. Casewell , Vatsal Panwar

Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) driven atmospheric escape is a key process in the atmospheric evolution of close-in exoplanets. In many evolutionary models, the energy-limited mass-loss rate with a constant efficiency (typically $\sim10\%$) is…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-03-19 Hiroto Mitani , Riouhei Nakatani , Rolf Kuiper

A gap in exoplanets' radius distribution has been widely attributed to the photo-evaporation threshold of their progenitors' gaseous envelope. Giant impacts can also lead to substantial mass-loss. The outflowing gas endures tidal torque…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-04-05 S. Wang , D. N. C. Lin

Atmospheric escape is an important process that controls the long-term evolution of close-in planets. We perform radiation hydrodynamics simulations of photo-evaporation of exoplanets' atmospheres to study the effect of photoelectric…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-03-08 Hiroto Mitani , Riouhei Nakatani , Naoki Yoshida

This article presents a review on the observations and theoretical modeling of the evaporation of extrasolar planets. The observations and the resulting constraints on the upper atmosphere (thermosphere and exosphere) of the "hot-Jupiters".…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2012-01-24 A. Lecavelier des Etangs

Constraining the composition of super-Earth-to-sub-Neptune-size planets is a priority to understand the processes of planetary formation and evolution. pi Men c represents a unique target for the atmospheric and compositional…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-01-15 Antonio García Muñoz , Allison Youngblood , Luca Fossati , Davide Gandolfi , Juan Cabrera , Heike Rauer

The current progress in the detection of terrestrial type exoplanets has opened a new avenue in the characterization of exoplanetary atmospheres and in the search for biosignatures of life with the upcoming ground-based and space missions.…

In the present series of papers we propose a consistent description of the mass loss process. To study the effects of intrinsic magnetic field of a close-orbit giant exoplanet (so-called Hot Jupiter) on the atmospheric material escape and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-12 I. F. Shaikhislamov , M. L. Khodachenko , Yu. L. Sasunov , H. Lammer , K. G. Kislyakova , N. V. Erkaev

Earth-mass planets are expected to have atmospheres and experience thermal tides raised by the host star. These tides transfer energy to the planet that can counter the dissipation from bodily tides. Indeed, even a relatively thin…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-12-13 Ema F. S. Valente , Alexandre C. M. Correia

As the characterization of exoplanet atmospheres proceeds, providing insights into atmospheric chemistry and composition, a key question is how much deeper into the planet we might be able to see from its atmospheric properties alone. For…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-12-19 Xander Byrne , Oliver Shorttle , Sean Jordan , Paul B. Rimmer