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In recent years, we have witnessed a marked development and growth in Artificial Intelligence. The growth of the data volume generated by sensors and machines, combined with the information flow resulting from the user actions on the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Martim Veiga , Carlos J. Costa

With the increasing proliferation of mobile applications in our everyday experiences, the concerns surrounding ethics have surged significantly. Users generally communicate their feedback, report issues, and suggest new functionalities in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Aakash Sorathiya , Gouri Ginde

Offensive or antagonistic language targeted at individuals and social groups based on their personal characteristics (also known as cyber hate speech or cyberhate) has been frequently posted and widely circulated viathe World Wide Web. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-03-09 Wafa Alorainy , Pete Burnap , Han Liu , Matthew Williams

In recent years, online social networks have allowed worldwide users to meet and discuss. As guarantors of these communities, the administrators of these platforms must prevent users from adopting inappropriate behaviors. This verification…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-06-17 Noé Cecillon , Vincent Labatut , Richard Dufour , Georges Linarès

Hate speech detection is commonly framed as a direct binary classification problem despite being a composite concept defined through multiple interacting factors that vary across legal frameworks, platform policies, and annotation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Adrián Girón , Pablo Miralles , Javier Huertas-Tato , Sergio D'Antonio , David Camacho

We critique recent work on ethics in natural language processing. Those discussions have focused on data collection, experimental design, and interventions in modeling. But we argue that we ought to first understand the frameworks of ethics…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-18 Shrimai Prabhumoye , Elijah Mayfield , Alan W Black

Cyberbullying is a prevalent social problem that inflicts detrimental consequences to the health and safety of victims such as psychological distress, anti-social behaviour, and suicide. The automation of cyberbullying detection is a recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Gathika Ratnayaka , Thushari Atapattu , Mahen Herath , Georgia Zhang , Katrina Falkner

Hateful and offensive content detection has been extensively explored in a single modality such as text. However, such toxic information could also be communicated via multimodal content such as online memes. Therefore, detecting multimodal…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-08-16 Rui Cao , Ziqing Fan , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Wen-Haw Chong , Jing Jiang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in natural language processing tasks. However, their practical application in high-stake domains, such as fraud and abuse detection, remains an area that requires…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Joymallya Chakraborty , Wei Xia , Anirban Majumder , Dan Ma , Walid Chaabene , Naveed Janvekar

The fast spread of hate speech on social media impacts the Internet environment and our society by increasing prejudice and hurting people. Detecting hate speech has aroused broad attention in the field of natural language processing.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Junyu Lu , Hongfei Lin , Xiaokun Zhang , Zhaoqing Li , Tongyue Zhang , Linlin Zong , Fenglong Ma , Bo Xu

In the digital era, effective identification and analysis of verbal attacks are essential for maintaining online civility and ensuring social security. However, existing research is limited by insufficient modeling of conversational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Quan Zheng , Yuanhe Tian , Ming Wang , Yan Song

The growing prevalence of negative experiences in online spaces demands urgent attention from the human-computer interaction (HCI) community. However, research on online safety remains fragmented across different HCI subfields, with limited…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Senuri Wijenayake , Joanne Gray , Asangi Jayatilaka , Louise La Sala , Nalin Arachchilage , Ryan M. Kelly , Sanchari Das

User generated text on social media often suffers from a lot of undesired characteristics including hatespeech, abusive language, insults etc. that are targeted to attack or abuse a specific group of people. Often such text is written…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-03 Sravan Babu Bodapati , Spandana Gella , Kasturi Bhattacharjee , Yaser Al-Onaizan

The explosion of global social media and online communication platforms has changed how we interact with each other and as a society, bringing with it new security and privacy challenges. Like all technologies, these platforms can be abused…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-21 Ian Levy , Crispin Robinson

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved unparalleled success across diverse language modeling tasks in recent years. However, this progress has also intensified ethical concerns, impacting the deployment of LLMs in everyday contexts.…

In this work, we demonstrate how existing classifiers for identifying toxic comments online fail to generalize to the diverse concerns of Internet users. We survey 17,280 participants to understand how user expectations for what constitutes…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Deepak Kumar , Patrick Gage Kelley , Sunny Consolvo , Joshua Mason , Elie Bursztein , Zakir Durumeric , Kurt Thomas , Michael Bailey

Static benchmarks for harmful content detection face limitations in scalability and diversity, and may also be affected by contamination from web-scale pre-training corpora. To address these issues, we propose a framework for synthesizing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Huije Lee , Jisu Shin , Hoyun Song , Changgeon Ko , Jong C. Park

Detecting misogynistic hate speech is a difficult algorithmic task. The task is made more difficult when decision criteria for what constitutes misogynistic speech are ungrounded in established literatures in psychology and philosophy, both…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Artemis Deligianni , Zachary Horne , Leonidas A. A. Doumas

In different NLP tasks, detecting harmful content is crucial for online environments, especially with the growing influence of social media. However, previous research has two main issues: 1) a lack of data in low-resource settings, and 2)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Zheng Hui , Zhaoxiao Guo , Hang Zhao , Juanyong Duan , Congrui Huang

When trained on large, unfiltered crawls from the internet, language models pick up and reproduce all kinds of undesirable biases that can be found in the data: they often generate racist, sexist, violent or otherwise toxic language. As…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Timo Schick , Sahana Udupa , Hinrich Schütze