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We present experimental results of characterization of Silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) in a temperature range from 90~mK to 40~K. Two SiPMs, one from ONSEMI and one from Hamamatsu Photonics were tested. Operating voltage ranges, dark count…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-01-13 Otto Hanski , Tom Kiilerich , Sampsa Ahopelto , Aleksei Semakin , Janne Ahokas , Viacheslav Dvornichenko , Sergey Vasiliev

Silicon photomultipliers are photon sensors based on an array of pixels, each consisting of a single photon avalanche photodiode (SPAD). Reading of the array is not done on a single-pixel basis, but all pixels are read simultaneously.…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2024-03-13 Valerio Bocci

The operation of large arrays of silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) in tanks of noble liquids requires low noise, low power front-end amplifiers, able to operate reliably in the cryogenic environment. A suitable amplifier needs to be paired…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2023-10-09 P. Carniti , E. Cristaldo , A. Falcone , C. Gotti , G. Pessina , F. Terranova

We present a 'digital SiPM' photo-detection chip combining single photon sensitive avalanche photo diodes and CMOS readout electronics on a single die. The chip has a size of $8046\times9032\,\mu m^2$ with $72.5\%$ of photo sensitive area.…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-01-27 Peter Fischer , Michael Keller , Michael Ritzert

The VSiPMT (Vacuum Silicon PhotoMultiplier Tube) is an innovative design we proposed for a revolutionary photon detector. The main idea is to replace the classical dynode chain of a PMT with a SiPM (G-APD), the latter acting as an electron…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2015-06-22 G. Barbarino , F. C. T. Barbato , L. Campajola , F. Canfora , R. de Asmundis , G. De Rosa , G. Fiorillo , P. Migliozzi , C. M. Mollo , B. Rossi , D. Vivolo

In this paper, different Silicon PhotoMultiplier (SiPM) sensors have been tested with charged particles to characterize the Cherenkov light produced in the sensor protection layer. A careful position scan of the SiPM response has been…

The use of Silicon Photo-Multipliers(SiPMs)has become popular in the design of High Energy Physics experimental apparatus with a growing interest for their application in detector area where a significant amount of non-ionising dose is…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-01-05 M. Cordelli , E. Diociaiuti , A. Ferrari , S. Miscetti , S. Muller , G. Pezzullo , I. Sarra

Radon is the main background source of dark matter and neutrino experiments. Radon concentration ($\rm mBq/m^3$) measurement by liquid scintillation detector is a highly sensitive method at low temperatures using silicon photomultipliers…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-11-23 C. Zhong , F. J. Luo , B. Zheng , X. D. Wang , M. Y. Bu , J. Zou , M. N. Deng

The gain of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) increases with bias voltage and decreases with temperature. To operate SiPMs at stable gain, the bias voltage can be readjusted to compensate for temperature changes. We have tested this concept…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2019-05-22 G. Eigen , J. Cvach , J. Kvasnicka , I. Polak , A. Træet , J. Zalieckas

Single-photon sensitive detectors like Silicon Photomultipliers are widely used in many medical imaging applications. By using detectors with position resolutions, it is possible to build compact photodetector readouts with reduced number…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-03-09 Cyril Alispach , Fabio Acerbi , Hossein Arabi , Domenico della Volpe , Alberto Gola , Aramis Raiola , Habib Zaidi

The Silicon Electron Multiplier (SiEM) is a novel sensor concept for minimum ionizing particle (MIP) detection which uses internal gain and fine pitch to achieve excellent temporal and spatial resolution. In contrast to sensors where the…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-09-16 Marius Mæhlum Halvorsen , Victor Coco , Evangelos Leonidas Gkougkousis , Paula Collins , Olivier Girard

The detection of individual photons at cryogenic temperatures is of interest to many experiments searching for physics beyond the Standard Model. Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are often deployed in liquid argon or liquid xenon to detect…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-05-22 S. Borden , J. A. Detwiler , W. Pettus , N. W. Ruof

Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are solid-state, single-photon sensitive, pixelated sensors whose usage for scintillation detection has rapidly increased over the past decade. It is known that the avalanche process within the device, which…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2024-01-17 R. Gibbons , H. Chen , S. J. Haselschwardt , Q. Xia , P. Sorensen

We develop from first principles a model to describe the average response of SiPM devices which takes into account the recovery of pixels during the incoming light pulse. Such effects can significantly affect SiPM response when exposed to a…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2016-03-18 Daniel Jeans

In this work we study the performance of silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) light sensors after exposure to the JULIC cyclotron proton beam, of energy $\sim$ 39 MeV, relative to their performance before exposure. The SiPM devices used in this…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2020-11-19 Tamer Tolba , Dieter Grzonka , Thomas Sefzick , James Ritman

We report about the optical and electrical characterization of three high efficiency and blue sensitive Silicon photomultipliers from FBK, Hamamatsu, and SensL. Key features of the tested devices when operated at 90% breakdown probability…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2017-01-27 Adam Nepomuk Otte , Distefano Garcia , Thanh Nguyen , Dhruv Purushotham

We report on the measurement of the radiation hardness of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) manufactured by Fondazione Bruno Kessler in Italy (1 mm$^2$ and 6.2 mm$^2$), Center of Perspective Technology and Apparatus in Russia (1 mm$^2$ and…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2009-01-09 P. Bohn , A. Clough , E. Hazen , A. Heering , J. Rohlf , J. Freeman , S. Los , E. Cascio , S. Kuleshov , Y. Musienko , C. Piemonte

Silicon Photo-Multipliers (SiPM) are becoming the photo-detector of choice for increasingly more particle detection applications, from fundamental physics to medical and societal applications. One major consideration for their use at…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2018-12-26 M. Centis Vignali , E. Garutti , R. Klanner , D. Lomidze , J. Schwandt

Silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) have gained significant traction as an alternative technology to the well-established photomultiplier tube (PMT), with numerous high-sensitivity experiments adopting them either complementarily or as a…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-06-24 Giuseppe Matteucci

We present a Python module for simulating Silicon Photo-Multipliers, Avalanche Photo-Diodes, and Multi-Pixel Photon Counters. This module allows users to perform noise analyses: Dark Count Rate, crosstalk, and afterpulsing. Furthermore, the…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-04-15 J. Peña-Rodríguez , J. Förtsch , C. Pauly , K. -H. Kampert
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