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Defeasible reasoning is the mode of reasoning where conclusions can be overturned by taking into account new evidence. A commonly used method in cognitive science and logic literature is to handcraft argumentation supporting inference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Aman Madaan , Dheeraj Rajagopal , Niket Tandon , Yiming Yang , Eduard Hovy

Abductive Reasoning is a task of inferring the most plausible hypothesis given a set of observations. In literature, the community has approached to solve this challenge by classifying/generating a likely hypothesis that does not contradict…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Seungone Kim

Recent commonsense-reasoning tasks are typically discriminative in nature, where a model answers a multiple-choice question for a certain context. Discriminative tasks are limiting because they fail to adequately evaluate the model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Swarnadeep Saha , Prateek Yadav , Lisa Bauer , Mohit Bansal

Reasoning about information from multiple parts of a passage to derive an answer is an open challenge for reading-comprehension models. In this paper, we present an approach that reasons about complex questions by decomposing them to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-07 Hadeel Al-Negheimish , Pranava Madhyastha , Alessandra Russo

Abductive explanations (AXp's) are widely used for understanding decisions of classifiers. Existing definitions are suitable when features are independent. However, we show that ignoring constraints when they exist between features may lead…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Martin Cooper , Leila Amgoud

Abductive reasoning is inference to the most plausible explanation. For example, if Jenny finds her house in a mess when she returns from work, and remembers that she left a window open, she can hypothesize that a thief broke into her house…

In conversational question answering, users express their information needs through a series of utterances with incomplete context. Typical ConvQA methods rely on a single source (a knowledge base (KB), or a text corpus, or a set of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Philipp Christmann , Rishiraj Saha Roy , Gerhard Weikum

Explainability is a topic of growing importance in NLP. In this work, we provide a unified perspective of explainability as a communication problem between an explainer and a layperson about a classifier's decision. We use this framework to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Marcos V. Treviso , André F. T. Martins

The aim of this paper is to introduce a new framework for defining abductive reasoning operators based on a notion of retraction in arbitrary logics defined as satisfaction systems. We show how this framework leads to the design of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-03-06 Marc Aiguier , Jamal Atif , Isabelle Bloch , Ramón Pino-Pérez

Solving math word problems requires deductive reasoning over the quantities in the text. Various recent research efforts mostly relied on sequence-to-sequence or sequence-to-tree models to generate mathematical expressions without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-16 Zhanming Jie , Jierui Li , Wei Lu

Arguments are a fundamental aspect of human reasoning, in which claims are supported, challenged, and weighed against one another. We present an end-to-end large language model (LLM)-based system for reconstructing arguments from natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Paulo Pirozelli , Victor Hugo Nascimento Rocha , Fabio G. Cozman , Douglas Aldred

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is critical for attaining trust in the operation of AI systems. A key question of an AI system is ``why was this decision made this way''. Formal approaches to XAI use a formal model of the AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Yacine Izza , Alexey Ignatiev , Sasha Rubin , Joao Marques-Silva , Peter J. Stuckey

The abductive natural language inference task ($\alpha$NLI) is proposed to evaluate the abductive reasoning ability of a learning system. In the $\alpha$NLI task, two observations are given and the most plausible hypothesis is asked to pick…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Yunchang Zhu , Liang Pang , Yanyan Lan , Xueqi Cheng

Complex Table Question Answering involves providing accurate answers to specific questions based on intricate tables that exhibit complex layouts and flexible header locations. Despite considerable progress having been made in the LLM era,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Qianlong Li , Chen Huang , Shuai Li , Yuanxin Xiang , Deng Xiong , Wenqiang Lei

The generation of comprehensible explanations is an essential feature of modern artificial intelligence systems. In this work, we consider probabilistic logic programming, an extension of logic programming which can be useful to model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Germán Vidal

Recent work has shown how to prompt large language models with explanations to obtain strong performance on textual reasoning tasks, i.e., the chain-of-thought paradigm. However, subtly different explanations can yield widely varying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Xi Ye , Greg Durrett

How can we generate concise explanations for multi-hop Reading Comprehension (RC)? The current strategies of identifying supporting sentences can be seen as an extractive question-focused summarization of the input text. However, these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Naoya Inoue , Harsh Trivedi , Steven Sinha , Niranjan Balasubramanian , Kentaro Inui

The growing range of applications of Machine Learning (ML) in a multitude of settings motivates the ability of computing small explanations for predictions made. Small explanations are generally accepted as easier for human decision makers…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-11-28 Alexey Ignatiev , Nina Narodytska , Joao Marques-Silva

Abductive reasoning, reasoning for inferring explanations for observations, is often mentioned in scientific, design-related and artistic contexts, but its understanding varies across these domains. This paper reviews how abductive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Abhinav Sood , Kazjon Grace , Stephen Wan , Cecile Paris

Abductive reasoning is a non-monotonic formalism stemming from the work of Peirce. It describes the process of deriving the most plausible explanations of known facts. Considering the positive version asking for sets of variables as…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-09-18 Yasir Mahmood , Arne Meier , Johannes Schmidt