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Reusing pretrained base models for further pretraining, such as continual pretraining or model growth, is promising at reducing the cost of training language models from scratch. However, the effectiveness remains unclear, especially when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Seng Pei Liew , Takuya Kato

We introduce a simple modification to the embedding layer. The key change is to infuse token embeddings with information about their spelling. Models trained with these embeddings improve not only on spelling, but also across standard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Markus N. Rabe , Judith Clymo , Zheren Dong

Recent advancements in large language models have intensified the need for efficient and deployable models within limited inference budgets. Structured pruning pipelines have shown promise in token efficiency compared to training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Yixiao Li , Xianzhi Du , Ajay Jaiswal , Tao Lei , Tuo Zhao , Chong Wang , Jianyu Wang

Deep learning has enabled remarkable progress in binary code analysis. In particular, pre-trained embeddings of assembly code have become a gold standard for solving analysis tasks, such as measuring code similarity or recognizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Alwin Maier , Felix Weissberg , Konrad Rieck

Modern language models use a single matrix for input embedding and output projection. This couples two distinct objectives: token representation and discrimination over a vocabulary. This work introduces Leviathan, a Transformer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Reza T. Batley , Sourav Saha

In the large language model (LLM) revolution, embedding is a key component of various systems, such as retrieving knowledge or memories for LLMs or building content moderation filters. As such cases span from English to other natural or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Xin Zhang , Zehan Li , Yanzhao Zhang , Dingkun Long , Pengjun Xie , Meishan Zhang , Min Zhang

Pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) encapsulate large amounts of knowledge and take enormous amounts of compute to train. We make use of this resource, together with the observation that LLMs are able to transfer knowledge and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Malcolm L. Wolff , Shenghao Yang , Kari Torkkola , Michael W. Mahoney

Learning deeper models is usually a simple and effective approach to improve model performance, but deeper models have larger model parameters and are more difficult to train. To get a deeper model, simply stacking more layers of the model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-27 GuoLiang Li , Yiyang Li

The development of large language models leads to the formation of a pre-train-then-align paradigm, in which the model is typically pre-trained on a large text corpus and undergoes a tuning stage to align the model with human preference or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Kaiser Sun , Mark Dredze

While large language models demonstrate remarkable capabilities at task-specific applications through fine-tuning, extending these benefits across diverse languages is essential for broad accessibility. However, effective cross-lingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Danni Liu , Jan Niehues

Intermediate-task transfer can benefit a wide range of NLP tasks with properly selected source datasets. However, it is computationally infeasible to experiment with all intermediate transfer combinations, making choosing a useful source…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Wangchunshu Zhou , Canwen Xu , Julian McAuley

Language models can be augmented with a context retriever to incorporate knowledge from large external databases. By leveraging retrieved context, the neural network does not have to memorize the massive amount of world knowledge within its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Zonglin Li , Ruiqi Guo , Sanjiv Kumar

Expanding Large Language Models~(LLMs) to new languages is a costly endeavor, demanding extensive Continued Pre-Training~(CPT) and data-intensive alignment. While recent data-free merging techniques attempt to bypass alignment by fusing a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Hao Zhou , Tianhao Li , Zhijun Wang , Shuaijie She , Linjuan Wu , Hao-Ran Wei , Baosong Yang , Jiajun Chen , Shujian Huang

Word embeddings are a powerful approach for analyzing language and have been widely popular in numerous tasks in information retrieval and text mining. Training embeddings over huge corpora is computationally expensive because the input is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-11 Avishek Anand , Megha Khosla , Jaspreet Singh , Jan-Hendrik Zab , Zijian Zhang

Learning high-quality feature embeddings efficiently and effectively is critical for the performance of web-scale machine learning systems. A typical model ingests hundreds of features with vocabularies on the order of millions to billions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Benjamin Coleman , Wang-Cheng Kang , Matthew Fahrbach , Ruoxi Wang , Lichan Hong , Ed H. Chi , Derek Zhiyuan Cheng

This paper studies the fast adaptive beamforming for the multiuser multiple-input single-output downlink. Existing deep learning-based approaches assume that training and testing channels follow the same distribution which causes task…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Juping Zhang , Yi Yuan , Gan Zheng , Ioannis Krikidis , Kai-Kit Wong

From extracting features to generating text, the outputs of large language models (LLMs) typically rely on the final layers, following the conventional wisdom that earlier layers capture only low-level cues. However, our analysis shows that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Oscar Skean , Md Rifat Arefin , Dan Zhao , Niket Patel , Jalal Naghiyev , Yann LeCun , Ravid Shwartz-Ziv

Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) traditionally rely on final-layer loss for training and final-layer representations for predictions, potentially overlooking the predictive power embedded in intermediate layers. Surprisingly,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Haoyan Luo , Lucia Specia

A recent family of techniques, dubbed lightweight fine-tuning methods, facilitates parameter-efficient transfer learning by updating only a small set of additional parameters while keeping the parameters of the pretrained language model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Mozhdeh Gheini , Xuezhe Ma , Jonathan May

Given multiple source word embeddings learnt using diverse algorithms and lexical resources, meta word embedding learning methods attempt to learn more accurate and wide-coverage word embeddings. Prior work on meta-embedding has repeatedly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Danushka Bollegala