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Human label variation arises when annotators assign different labels to the same item for valid reasons, while annotation errors occur when labels are assigned for invalid reasons. These two issues are prevalent in NLP benchmarks, yet…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Leon Weber-Genzel , Siyao Peng , Marie-Catherine de Marneffe , Barbara Plank

State of the art models using deep neural networks have become very good in learning an accurate mapping from inputs to outputs. However, they still lack generalization capabilities in conditions that differ from the ones encountered during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-28 Alexey Romanov , Chaitanya Shivade

Native language identification (NLI) is the task of training (via supervised machine learning) a classifier that guesses the native language of the author of a text. This task has been extensively researched in the last decade, and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-03 Barbara Berti , Andrea Esuli , Fabrizio Sebastiani

We introduce MorphNLI, a modular step-by-step approach to natural language inference (NLI). When classifying the premise-hypothesis pairs into {entailment, contradiction, neutral}, we use a language model to generate the necessary edits to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Vlad Andrei Negru , Robert Vacareanu , Camelia Lemnaru , Mihai Surdeanu , Rodica Potolea

High-quality datasets are critical for training and evaluating reliable NLP models. In tasks like natural language inference (NLI), human label variation (HLV) arises when multiple labels are valid for the same instance, making it difficult…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Longfei Zuo , Barbara Plank , Siyao Peng

Natural Language Inference (NLI) or Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE) aims at predicting the relation between a pair of sentences (premise and hypothesis) as entailment, contradiction or semantic independence. Although deep learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Mobashir Sadat , Cornelia Caragea

We study estimating inherent human disagreement (annotation label distribution) in natural language inference task. Post-hoc smoothing of the predicted label distribution to match the expected label entropy is very effective. Such simple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Shujian Zhang , Chengyue Gong , Eunsol Choi

Large-scale natural language inference (NLI) datasets such as SNLI or MNLI have been created by asking crowdworkers to read a premise and write three new hypotheses, one for each possible semantic relationships (entailment, contradiction,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-14 Clara Vania , Ruijie Chen , Samuel R. Bowman

We introduce FinNLI, a benchmark dataset for Financial Natural Language Inference (FinNLI) across diverse financial texts like SEC Filings, Annual Reports, and Earnings Call transcripts. Our dataset framework ensures diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Jabez Magomere , Elena Kochkina , Samuel Mensah , Simerjot Kaur , Charese H. Smiley

Phenomenon-specific "adversarial" datasets have been recently designed to perform targeted stress-tests for particular inference types. Recent work (Liu et al., 2019a) proposed that such datasets can be utilized for training NLI and other…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-22 Ohad Rozen , Vered Shwartz , Roee Aharoni , Ido Dagan

Adversarial training (AT) formulated as the minimax optimization problem can effectively enhance the model's robustness against adversarial attacks. The existing AT methods mainly focused on manipulating the inner maximization for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-05 Jingfeng Zhang , Xilie Xu , Bo Han , Tongliang Liu , Gang Niu , Lizhen Cui , Masashi Sugiyama

In the recent past, a popular way of evaluating natural language understanding (NLU), was to consider a model's ability to perform natural language inference (NLI) tasks. In this paper, we investigate if NLI tasks, that are rarely used for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Lovish Madaan , David Esiobu , Pontus Stenetorp , Barbara Plank , Dieuwke Hupkes

Natural Language Inference (NLI) models are known to learn from biases and artefacts within their training data, impacting how well they generalise to other unseen datasets. Existing de-biasing approaches focus on preventing the models from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Joe Stacey , Yonatan Belinkov , Marek Rei

Natural language inference (NLI) is the task of determining if a natural language hypothesis can be inferred from a given premise in a justifiable manner. NLI was proposed as a benchmark task for natural language understanding. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-15 Aakanksha Naik , Abhilasha Ravichander , Norman Sadeh , Carolyn Rose , Graham Neubig

Most research on hate speech detection has focused on English where a sizeable amount of labeled training data is available. However, to expand hate speech detection into more languages, approaches that require minimal training data are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Janis Goldzycher , Moritz Preisig , Chantal Amrhein , Gerold Schneider

An adversarial example is an input transformed by small perturbations that machine learning models consistently misclassify. While there are a number of methods proposed to generate adversarial examples for text data, it is not trivial to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-02 Ying Xu , Xu Zhong , Antonio Jose Jimeno Yepes , Jey Han Lau

Neural networks have excelled at many NLP tasks, but there remain open questions about the performance of pretrained distributed word representations and their interaction with weight initialization and other hyperparameters. We address…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-10-06 Ignacio Cases , Minh-Thang Luong , Christopher Potts

Real-world natural language processing systems need to be robust to human adversaries. Collecting examples of human adversaries for training is an effective but expensive solution. On the other hand, training on synthetic attacks with small…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Aradhana Sinha , Ananth Balashankar , Ahmad Beirami , Thi Avrahami , Jilin Chen , Alex Beutel

Statistical natural language inference (NLI) models are susceptible to learning dataset bias: superficial cues that happen to associate with the label on a particular dataset, but are not useful in general, e.g., negation words indicate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-26 He He , Sheng Zha , Haohan Wang

Language models can achieve high accuracy on natural language tasks such as NLI, but performance suffers on manually created adversarial examples. We investigate the performance of a language model trained on the Stanford Natural Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Chris Achard