Related papers: Universality, intertwiners and black hole informat…

We investigate information flow and Page curves for tripartite systems. We prepare a tripartite system (say, A, B, and C) of a given number of states and calculate information and entropy contents by assuming random states. Initially, every…

In an approach to quantum gravity where space-time arises from coarse graining of fundamentally discrete structures, black hole formation and subsequent evaporation can be described by a unitary evolution without the problems encountered by…

A coherent picture of the quantum mechanics of a collapse-formed, evaporating black hole is presented. In a distant frame, semiclassical theory in the zone describes microscopic dynamics of only the "hard modes," the modes that are hard…

This paper revisits the conundrum faced when one attempts to understand the dynamics of black hole formation and evaporation without abandoning unitary evolution. Previous efforts to resolve this puzzle assume that information escapes in…

An important reason why it is currently difficult to unify relativity theory and quantum theory is the quantum information paradox. The information engulfment pointed out by general relativity violates the principles of quantum mechanics.…

Hawking particles emitted by a black hole are usually found to have thermal spectra, if not exactly, then by a very good approximation. Here, we argue differently. It was discovered that spherical partial waves of in-going and out-going…

The information loss paradox is usually stated as an incompatibility between general relativity and quantum mechanics. However, the assumptions leading to the problem are often overlooked and, in fact, a careful inspection of the main…

We investigate the recent black hole firewall argument. For a black hole in a typical state we argue that unitarity requires every quantum of radiation leaving the black hole to carry information about the initial state. An information-free…

After a brief reminscence about work with K. Sato 25 years ago on the monopole problem and inflation, a discussion is given of the black hole information paradox. It is argued that, quite generally, it should be anticipated that the states…

The information loss paradox for Schwarzschild black holes is examined, using the ADS/CFT correspondence extended to the $M_6 (4,2)$ bulk. It is found that the only option compatible with the preservation of the quantum unitarity is when a…

We propose that black hole information is encoded in non-local correlations between microscopic interior and exterior degrees of freedom. We give a simple qubit representation of this proposal, and show herein that for every black hole…

A new simple qubit model of black hole evaporation is proposed. The model operates on four qubits and is defined in terms of quantum gates and a quantum circuit. The chief features of the model include explicit unitarity and (most notably)…

Hawking's 1974 calculation of thermal emission from a classical black hole led to his 1976 proposal that information may be lost from our universe as a pure quantum state collapses gravitationally into a black hole, which then evaporates…

The recent progress in string theory strongly suggests that formation and evaporation of black holes is a unitary process. This fact makes it imperative that we find a flaw in the semiclassical reasoning that implies a loss of information.…

I try to argue that the only way out of the black hole information paradox is through a unified quantum field theory of gravity and other interactions. Superstring theory is especially interesting, since in a special limit, the classical…

The quantum extension of the Kruskal spacetime indicates the existence of a companion black hole in the universe earlier than ours. It is shown that the radiations from the companion black hole can enter its horizon, pass through the deep…

We describe a model for unitary black hole evaporation with no information loss in terms of a quantum computation. We assume that there is a fine tuned interaction between the qubits of the black hole Bell states which is the inverse of…

I review various proposals for the nature of black hole entropy and for the mechanism behind the operation of the generalized second law. I stress the merits of entanglement entropy {\tenit qua\/} black hole entropy, and point out that,…

Hawking's free field theory is expected to break down after Page time. In previous work, we have shown that a primary dynamical reason for this breakdown is the dominance of graviton fluctuations of the horizon that mediate scattering…

This paper summarizes recent discussions of the Page curve and the information paradox, and responds to the reasoning and examples from arXiv:2506.04311. We review arguments demonstrating that in quantum gravity the algebra of observables…