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Randomized benchmarking has emerged as a popular and easy-to-implement experimental technique for gauging the quality of gate operations in quantum computing devices. A typical randomized benchmarking procedure identifies the exponential…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-24 Jiaan Qi , Hui Khoon Ng

We present a benchmarking protocol for universal quantum computers, achieved through the simulation of random dynamical quantum maps. This protocol provides a holistic assessment of system-wide error rates, encapsulating both gate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-30 Daniel Volya , Prabhat Mishra

Noise remains the major obstacle to scalable quantum computation. Quantum benchmarking provides key information on noise properties and is an important step for developing more advanced quantum processors. However, current benchmarking…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-22 Yanwu Gu , Wei-Feng Zhuang , Xudan Chai , Dong E. Liu

We present the first NMR implementation of a scheme for selective and efficient quantum process tomography without ancilla. We generalize this scheme such that it can be implemented efficiently using only a set of measurements involving…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-09 Akshay Gaikwad , Diksha Rehal , Amandeep Singh , Arvind , Kavita Dorai

Quantum computers are inherently affected by noise. While in the long-term error correction codes will account for noise at the cost of increasing physical qubits, in the near-term the performance of any quantum algorithm should be tested…

Quantum process tomography (QPT) plays a central role in characterizing quantum gates and circuits, diagnosing quantum devices, calibrating hardware, and supporting quantum error correction. However, conventional QPT methods face challenges…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-06 Huynh Le Dan Linh , Vu Tuan Hai , Le Bin Ho

Randomized benchmarking (RB) is a widely used strategy to assess the quality of available quantum gates in a computational context. RB involves applying known random sequences of gates to an initial state and using the statistics of a final…

With the advent of public access to small gate-based quantum processors, it becomes necessary to develop a benchmarking methodology such that independent researchers can validate the operation of these processors. We explore the usefulness…

Quantum logic gates must perform properly when operating on their standard input basis states, as well as when operating on complex superpositions of these states. Experiments using superconducting qubits have validated the truth table for…

The rapid advancement of quantum hardware calls for the development of reliable methods to certify its correct functioning. However, existing certification tests often fall short: they either rely on flawless state preparation and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Jan Nöller , Nikolai Miklin , Martin Kliesch , Mariami Gachechiladze

With gate error rates in multiple technologies now below the threshold required for fault-tolerant quantum computation, the major remaining obstacle to useful quantum computation is scaling, a challenge greatly amplified by the huge…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-09 Kianna Wan , Soonwon Choi , Isaac H. Kim , Noah Shutty , Patrick Hayden

Quantum processes, including quantum gates and channels, are integral to various quantum information tasks, making the efficient characterization of these processes and their underlying noise critically important. Here, we propose a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-06 Mengru Ma , Jiangwei Shang

The characterization of a unitary gate is experimentally accomplished via Quantum Process Tomography, which combines the outcomes of different projective measurements to reconstruct the underlying operator. The process matrix is typically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-17 Tareq Jaouni , Francesco Di Colandrea , Lorenzo Amato , Filippo Cardano , Ebrahim Karimi

Characterization of quantum processes is a preliminary step necessary in the development of quantum technology. The conventional method uses standard quantum process tomography, which requires $d^2$ input states and $d^4$ quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-02-26 Zhibo Hou , Jun-Feng Tang , Christopher Ferrie , Guo-Yong Xiang , Chuan-Feng Li , Guang-Can Guo

Most near-term quantum information processing devices will not be capable of implementing quantum error correction and the associated logical quantum gate set. Instead, quantum circuits will be implemented directly using the physical native…

To progress in the characterization of noise for current quantum computers, gate set tomography (GST) has emerged as a self-consistent tomographic protocol that can accurately estimate the complete set of noisy quantum gates, state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-25 Pablo Viñas , Alejandro Bermudez

Many qubit implementations are afflicted by correlated noise not captured by standard theoretical tools that are based on Markov approximations. While independent gate operations are a key concept for quantum computing, it is actually not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-26 Pascal Cerfontaine , Tobias Hangleiter , Hendrik Bluhm

Quantum process tomography of each directly implementable quantum gate used in the IBM quantum processors is performed to compute gate error in order to check viability of complex quantum operations in the superconductivity-based quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-07 Abhishek Shukla , Mitali Sisodia , Anirban Pathak

Randomized compiling reduces the effects of errors on quantum computers by tailoring arbitrary Markovian errors into stochastic Pauli noise. Here we prove that randomized compiling also tailors non-Markovian errors into local stochastic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-16 Adam Winick , Joel J. Wallman , Dar Dahlen , Ian Hincks , Egor Ospadov , Joseph Emerson

We discuss and implement experimentally a method for characterizing quantum gates operating on superpositions of coherent states. The peculiarity of this encoding of qubits is to work with a non-orthogonal basis, and therefore some…

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