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On-device running Large Language Models (LLMs) is nowadays a critical enabler towards preserving user privacy. We observe that the attention operator falls back from the special-purpose NPU to the general-purpose CPU/GPU because of…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Wangsong Yin , Daliang Xu , Mengwei Xu , Gang Huang , Xuanzhe Liu

Prompt caching is critical for reducing latency and cost in LLM inference: OpenAI and Anthropic report up to 50-90% cost savings through prompt reuse. Despite its widespread success, little is known about what constitutes an optimal prompt…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-20 Wenxin Zhang , Yueying Li , Ciamac C. Moallemi , Tianyi Peng

IoT devices are powered by microcontroller units (MCUs) which are extremely resource-scarce: a typical MCU may have an underpowered processor and around 64 KB of memory and persistent storage, which is orders of magnitude fewer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Edgar Liberis , Łukasz Dudziak , Nicholas D. Lane

This whitepaper proposes the design and adoption of a new generation of Tensor Processing Unit which has the performance of Google's TPU, yet performs operations on wide precision data. The new generation TPU is made possible by…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2017-06-13 Eric B. Olsen

With more scientific fields relying on neural networks (NNs) to process data incoming at extreme throughputs and latencies, it is crucial to develop NNs with all their parameters stored on-chip. In many of these applications, there is not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Olivia Weng , Alexander Redding , Nhan Tran , Javier Mauricio Duarte , Ryan Kastner

The steeply growing performance demands for highly power- and energy-constrained processing systems such as end-nodes of the internet-of-things (IoT) have led to parallel near-threshold computing (NTC), joining the energy-efficiency…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-04-15 Florian Glaser , Giuseppe Tagliavini , Davide Rossi , Germain Haugou , Qiuting Huang , Luca Benini

The rising use of deep learning and other big-data algorithms has led to an increasing demand for hardware platforms that are computationally powerful, yet energy-efficient. Due to the amount of data parallelism in these algorithms,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Biresh Kumar Joardar , Ryan Gary Kim , Janardhan Rao Doppa , Partha Pratim Pande , Diana Marculescu , Radu Marculescu

Efficient deployment of neural networks (NN) requires the co-optimization of accuracy and latency. For example, hardware-aware neural architecture search has been used to automatically find NN architectures that satisfy a latency constraint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Yash Akhauri , Mohamed S. Abdelfattah

With the advent of multi-core processors, network-on-chip design has been key in addressing network performances, such as bandwidth, power consumption, and communication delays when dealing with on-chip communication between the increasing…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2018-08-01 Tzyy-Juin Kao , Wolfgang Fink

The deployment of machine learning (ML) models on microcontrollers (MCUs) is constrained by strict energy, latency, and memory requirements, particularly in battery-operated and real-time edge devices. While software-level optimizations…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Anastasios Fanariotis , Theofanis Orphanoudakis , Vasilis Fotopoulos

Parallel applications are extremely challenging to achieve the optimal performance on the NUMA architecture, which necessitates the assistance of profiling tools. However, existing NUMA-profiling tools share some similar shortcomings, such…

Performance · Computer Science 2021-02-11 Xin Zhao , Jin Zhou , Hui Guan , Wei Wang , Xu Liu , Tongping Liu

This paper presents SynapticCore-X, a modular and resource-efficient neural processing architecture optimized for deployment on low-cost FPGA platforms. The design integrates a lightweight RV32IMC RISC-V control core with a configurable…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Arya Parameshwara

In this paper, we propose TAPA, an end-to-end framework that compiles a C++ task-parallel dataflow program into a high-frequency FPGA accelerator. Compared to existing solutions, TAPA has two major advantages. First, TAPA provides a set of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Licheng Guo , Yuze Chi , Jason Lau , Linghao Song , Xingyu Tian , Moazin Khatti , Weikang Qiao , Jie Wang , Ecenur Ustun , Zhenman Fang , Zhiru Zhang , Jason Cong

NaNet is an FPGA-based PCIe X8 Gen2 NIC supporting 1/10 GbE links and the custom 34 Gbps APElink channel. The design has GPUDirect RDMA capabilities and features a network stack protocol offloading module, making it suitable for building…

Recent nano-technological advances enable the Monolithic 3D (M3D) integration of multiple memory and logic layers in a single chip, allowing for fine-grained connections between layers and significantly alleviating main memory bottlenecks.…

The explosive arrival of OpenAI's ChatGPT has fueled the globalization of large language model (LLM), which consists of billions of pretrained parameters that embodies the aspects of syntax and semantics. HyperAccel introduces latency…

Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) improves host networking performance by eliminating software and server CPU involvement. However, RDMA has a limited set of operations, is difficult to program, and often requires multiple round trips to…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Md Ashfaqur Rahaman , Alireza Sanaee , Todd Thornley , Sebastiano Miano , Gianni Antichi , Brent E. Stephens , Ryan Stutsman

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) are widely used by various applications in a broad variety of fields to accelerate their computation but remain susceptible to transient hardware faults (soft errors) that can easily compromise application…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Lishan Yang , Bin Nie , Adwait Jog , Evgenia Smirni

Fully provisioned Message Passing Interface (MPI) parallelism achieves near-optimal wall-clock time for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solvers. This work addresses a complementary question for shared, cloud-managed clusters: can…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Tianfang Xie

This paper considers the use of routerless networks-on-chip as an alternative on-chip interconnect for multiprocessor systems requiring hard real-time guarantees for inter-processor communication. It presents a novel analytical framework…

Performance · Computer Science 2022-09-22 Leandro Soares Indrusiak , Alan Burns