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In this work, we conduct an extensive empirical study of several deep reinforcement learning algorithms on two challenging combinatorial optimization problems: the job-shop and flexible job-shop scheduling problems, both fundamental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Arthur Corrêa , Alexandre Jesus , Paulo Nascimento , Cristóvão Silva , Samuel Moniz

Collaborative Vehicle Routing is where delivery companies cooperate by sharing their delivery information and performing delivery requests on behalf of each other. This achieves economies of scale and thus reduces cost, greenhouse gas…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Stephen Mak , Liming Xu , Tim Pearce , Michael Ostroumov , Alexandra Brintrup

Collaborative vehicle routing occurs when carriers collaborate through sharing their transportation requests and performing transportation requests on behalf of each other. This achieves economies of scale, thus reducing cost, greenhouse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Stephen Mak , Liming Xu , Tim Pearce , Michael Ostroumov , Alexandra Brintrup

Ramp merging is a critical maneuver for road safety and traffic efficiency. Most of the current automated driving systems developed by multiple automobile manufacturers and suppliers are typically limited to restricted access freeways only.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Pin Wang , Ching-Yao Chan

Since the 1990s, considerable empirical work has been carried out to train statistical models, such as neural networks (NNs), as learned heuristics for combinatorial optimization (CO) problems. When successful, such an approach eliminates…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-21 Orit Davidovich , Shimrit Shtern , Segev Wasserkrug , Nimrod Megiddo

Combinatorial optimization has found applications in numerous fields, from aerospace to transportation planning and economics. The goal is to find an optimal solution among a finite set of possibilities. The well-known challenge one faces…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-06-03 Quentin Cappart , Thierry Moisan , Louis-Martin Rousseau , Isabeau Prémont-Schwarz , Andre Cire

The electric vehicle routing problem with time windows (EVRPTW) is a complex optimization problem in sustainable logistics, where routing decisions must minimize total travel distance, fleet size, and battery usage while satisfying strict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Mertcan Daysalilar , Fuat Uyguroglu , Gabriel Nicolosi , Adam Meyers

There has been a paradigm-shift in urban logistic services in the last years; demand for real-time, instant mobility and delivery services grows. This poses new challenges to logistic service providers as the underlying stochastic dynamic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Florentin D Hildebrandt , Barrett Thomas , Marlin W Ulmer

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has shown excellent performance in solving decision-making and control problems of autonomous driving, which is increasingly applied in diverse driving scenarios. However, driving is a multi-attribute problem,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Guizhe Jin , Zhuoren Li , Bo Leng , Wei Han , Lu Xiong , Chen Sun

This paper presents a framework to tackle constrained combinatorial optimization problems using deep Reinforcement Learning (RL). To this end, we extend the Neural Combinatorial Optimization (NCO) theory in order to deal with constraints in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Ruben Solozabal , Josu Ceberio , Martin Takáč

Neural Combinatorial Optimization (NCO) has emerged as a promising learning-based paradigm for addressing Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs) by minimizing the need for extensive manual engineering. While existing NCO methods, trained on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Yuanyao Chen , Rongsheng Chen , Fu Luo , Zhenkun Wang

For NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems, it is usually difficult to find high-quality solutions in polynomial time. The design of either an exact algorithm or an approximate algorithm for these problems often requires significantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Kun Lei , Peng Guo , Yi Wang , Xiao Wu , Wenchao Zhao

Reinforcement learning suffers from limitations in real practices primarily due to the number of required interactions with virtual environments. It results in a challenging problem because we are implausible to obtain a local optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Qizhen Wu , Kexin Liu , Lei Chen

Recent studies in using deep learning to solve routing problems focus on construction heuristics, the solutions of which are still far from optimality. Improvement heuristics have great potential to narrow this gap by iteratively refining a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Yaoxin Wu , Wen Song , Zhiguang Cao , Jie Zhang , Andrew Lim

Vehicle routing problems (VRPs) constitute a core optimization challenge in modern logistics and supply chain management. The recent neural combinatorial optimization (NCO) has demonstrated superior efficiency over some traditional…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Xiangchi Meng , Jianan Zhou , Jie Gao , Yifan Lu , Yaoxin Wu , Gonglin Yuan , Yaqing Hou

Learning how to automatically solve optimization problems has the potential to provide the next big leap in optimization technology. The performance of automatically learned heuristics on routing problems has been steadily improving in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-01 André Hottung , Kevin Tierney

We study the use of randomized value functions to guide deep exploration in reinforcement learning. This offers an elegant means for synthesizing statistically and computationally efficient exploration with common practical approaches to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-09-25 Ian Osband , Benjamin Van Roy , Daniel Russo , Zheng Wen

In virtualized radio access network (vRAN), the base station (BS) functions are decomposed into virtualized components that can be hosted at the centralized unit or distributed units through functional splits. Such flexibility has many…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Fahri Wisnu Murti , Samad Ali , Matti Latva-aho

Although well-established in general reinforcement learning (RL), value-based methods are rarely explored in constrained RL (CRL) for their incapability of finding policies that can randomize among multiple actions. To apply value-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Tianchi Cai , Wenpeng Zhang , Lihong Gu , Xiaodong Zeng , Jinjie Gu

Planning through crowded environments under uncertain obstacle motions remains difficult, as stochastic interactions often induce overly conservative behavior or reduced efficiency. To address this challenge, we propose an end-to-end risk…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Xinyi Wang , Taekyung Kim , Bardh Hoxha , Georgios Fainekos , Dimitra Panagou