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Transformers serve as the foundational architecture for many successful large-scale models, demonstrating the ability to overfit the training data while maintaining strong generalization on unseen data, a phenomenon known as benign…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Yingying Zhang , Zhenyu Wu , Jian Li , Yong Liu

Generalization error bounds are critical to understanding the performance of machine learning models. In this work, building upon a new bound of the expected value of an arbitrary function of the population and empirical risk of a learning…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Gholamali Aminian , Laura Toni , Miguel R. D. Rodrigues

Within the machine learning community, the widely-used uniform convergence framework has been used to answer the question of how complex, over-parameterized models can generalize well to new data. This approach bounds the test error of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-03-05 Ryan Theisen , Jason M. Klusowski , Michael W. Mahoney

In this paper, we investigate the effect of data heterogeneity across clients on the performance of distributed learning systems, i.e., one-round Federated Learning, as measured by the associated generalization error. Specifically, $K$…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Masoud Kavian , Romain Chor , Milad Sefidgaran , Abdellatif Zaidi

Multivariate pattern analyses approaches in neuroimaging are fundamentally concerned with investigating the quantity and type of information processed by various regions of the human brain; typically, estimates of classification accuracy…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-10-11 Charles Y. Zheng , Yuval Benjamini

Data augmentation is one of the most widely used techniques to improve generalization in modern machine learning, often justified by its ability to promote invariance to label-irrelevant transformations. However, its theoretical role…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Abdelali Bouyahia , Frédéric LeBlanc , Mario Marchand

In this article, we study rates of convergence of the generalization error of multi-class margin classifiers. In particular, we develop an upper bound theory quantifying the generalization error of various large margin classifiers. The…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2011-11-10 Xiaotong Shen , Lifeng Wang

A common failure mode of density models trained as variational autoencoders is to model the data without relying on their latent variables, rendering these variables useless. Two contributing factors, the underspecification of the model and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-05-10 Gábor Melis , András György , Phil Blunsom

Despite the significant progress of deep reinforcement learning (RL) in solving sequential decision making problems, RL agents often overfit to training environments and struggle to adapt to new, unseen environments. This prevents robust…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Xingyu Lu , Kimin Lee , Pieter Abbeel , Stas Tiomkin

In this paper, we explore bounds on the expected risk when using deep neural networks for supervised classification from an information theoretic perspective. Firstly, we introduce model risk and fitting error, which are derived from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Binchuan Qi

Our main focus is on the generalization bound, which serves as an upper limit for the generalization error. Our analysis delves into regression and classification tasks separately to ensure a thorough examination. We assume the target…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-07-30 Wen-Liang Hwang

This paper considers the subject of information losses arising from the finite datasets used in the training of neural classifiers. It proves a relationship between such losses as the product of the expected total variation of the estimated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-09 Brandon Foggo , Nanpeng Yu , Jie Shi , Yuanqi Gao

Over-parameterized models can perfectly learn various types of data distributions, however, generalization error is usually lower for real data in comparison to artificial data. This suggests that the properties of data distributions have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-28 Martin Briesch , Dominik Sobania , Franz Rothlauf

Distributed learning facilitates the scaling-up of data processing by distributing the computational burden over several nodes. Despite the vast interest in distributed learning, generalization performance of such approaches is not well…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-05-05 Martin Hellkvist , Ayça Özçelikkale , Anders Ahlén

Transfer learning, or domain adaptation, is concerned with machine learning problems in which training and testing data come from possibly different distributions (denoted as $\mu$ and $\mu'$, respectively). In this work, we give an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-20 Xuetong Wu , Jonathan H. Manton , Uwe Aickelin , Jingge Zhu

We study the mutual information between (certain summaries of) the output of a learning algorithm and its $n$ training data, conditional on a supersample of $n+1$ i.i.d. data from which the training data is chosen at random without…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-30 Mahdi Haghifam , Shay Moran , Daniel M. Roy , Gintare Karolina Dziugaite

Meta-learning optimizes an inductive bias---typically in the form of the hyperparameters of a base-learning algorithm---by observing data from a finite number of related tasks. This paper presents an information-theoretic bound on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Arezou Rezazadeh , Sharu Theresa Jose , Giuseppe Durisi , Osvaldo Simeone

Mutual information (MI) is an information-theoretic measure of dependency between two random variables. Several methods to estimate MI, from samples of two random variables with unknown underlying probability distributions have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-18 P Aditya Sreekar , Ujjwal Tiwari , Anoop Namboodiri

A grand challenge in representation learning is to learn the different explanatory factors of variation behind the high dimen- sional data. Encoder models are often determined to optimize performance on training data when the real objective…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-02-16 Matías Vera , Pablo Piantanida , Leonardo Rey Vega

Alignment and adaptation in large language models heavily rely on reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF); yet, theoretical understanding of its generalisability remains premature, especially when the learned reward could shift,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Kenton Tang , Yuzhu Chen , Fengxiang He