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The generalization bound is a crucial theoretical tool for assessing the generalizability of learning methods and there exist vast literatures on generalizability of normal learning, adversarial learning, and data poisoning. Unlike other…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Lijia Yu , Shuang Liu , Yibo Miao , Xiao-Shan Gao , Lijun Zhang

The implications of backdoor attacks on English-centric large language models (LLMs) have been widely examined - such attacks can be achieved by embedding malicious behaviors during training and activated under specific conditions that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Xuanli He , Jun Wang , Qiongkai Xu , Pasquale Minervini , Pontus Stenetorp , Benjamin I. P. Rubinstein , Trevor Cohn

Deep learning models are vulnerable to various adversarial manipulations of their training data, parameters, and input sample. In particular, an adversary can modify the training data and model parameters to embed backdoors into the model,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Te Juin Lester Tan , Reza Shokri

Deep speech classification tasks, mainly including keyword spotting and speaker verification, play a crucial role in speech-based human-computer interaction. Recently, the security of these technologies has been demonstrated to be…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Wenhan Yao , Zedong XingXiarun Chen , Jia Liu , yongqiang He , Weiping Wen

Backdoor attacks for neural code models have gained considerable attention due to the advancement of code intelligence. However, most existing works insert triggers into task-specific data for code-related downstream tasks, thereby limiting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Yanzhou Li , Shangqing Liu , Kangjie Chen , Xiaofei Xie , Tianwei Zhang , Yang Liu

Backdoor attacks inject poisoning samples during training, with the goal of forcing a machine learning model to output an attacker-chosen class when presented a specific trigger at test time. Although backdoor attacks have been demonstrated…

Outsourced deep neural networks have been demonstrated to suffer from patch-based trojan attacks, in which an adversary poisons the training sets to inject a backdoor in the obtained model so that regular inputs can be still labeled…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Ying He , Zhili Shen , Chang Xia , Jingyu Hua , Wei Tong , Sheng Zhong

Backdoor (trojan) attacks embed hidden, controllable behaviors into machine-learning models so that models behave normally on benign inputs but produce attacker-chosen outputs when a trigger is present. This survey reviews the rapidly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Bilal Hussain Abbasi , Yanjun Zhang , Leo Zhang , Shang Gao

The proliferation of malicious deepfake applications has ignited substantial public apprehension, casting a shadow of doubt upon the integrity of digital media. Despite the development of proficient deepfake detection mechanisms, they…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Hong Sun , Ziqiang Li , Lei Liu , Bin Li

The training phase of machine learning models is a delicate step, especially in cybersecurity contexts. Recent research has surfaced a series of insidious training-time attacks that inject backdoors in models designed for security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Giorgio Severi , Simona Boboila , John Holodnak , Kendra Kratkiewicz , Rauf Izmailov , Michael J. De Lucia , Alina Oprea

Clustering algorithms have been increasingly adopted in security applications to spot dangerous or illicit activities. However, they have not been originally devised to deal with deliberate attack attempts that may aim to subvert the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-27 Battista Biggio , Ignazio Pillai , Samuel Rota Bulò , Davide Ariu , Marcello Pelillo , Fabio Roli

The rapid expansion of connected devices has made them prime targets for cyberattacks. To address these threats, deep learning-based, data-driven intrusion detection systems (IDS) have emerged as powerful tools for detecting and mitigating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Ajesh Koyatan Chathoth , Stephen Lee

Benefiting from its superior feature learning capabilities and efficiency, deep hashing has achieved remarkable success in large-scale image retrieval. Recent studies have demonstrated the vulnerability of deep hashing models to backdoor…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Ziqi Zhou , Menghao Deng , Yufei Song , Hangtao Zhang , Wei Wan , Shengshan Hu , Minghui Li , Leo Yu Zhang , Dezhong Yao

Backdoor attacks change a small portion of training data by introducing hand-crafted triggers and rewiring the corresponding labels towards a desired target class. Training on such data injects a backdoor which causes malicious inference in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Ivan Sabolić , Ivan Grubišić , Siniša Šegvić

Textual backdoor attacks are a kind of practical threat to NLP systems. By injecting a backdoor in the training phase, the adversary could control model predictions via predefined triggers. As various attack and defense models have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Ganqu Cui , Lifan Yuan , Bingxiang He , Yangyi Chen , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Modern language models remain vulnerable to backdoor attacks via poisoned data, where training inputs containing a trigger are paired with a target output, causing the model to reproduce that behavior whenever the trigger appears at…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Eric Xue , Ruiyi Zhang , Pengtao Xie

Backdoor attacks pose an important security threat to textual large language models. Exploring textual backdoor attacks not only helps reveal the potential security risks of models, but also promotes innovation and development of defense…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Yang Hou , Qiuling Yue , Lujia Chai , Guozhao Liao , Wenbao Han , Wei Ou

Recent studies have revealed that deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to backdoor attacks, where attackers embed hidden backdoors in the DNN model by poisoning a few training samples. The attacked model behaves normally on benign…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-09 Kunzhe Huang , Yiming Li , Baoyuan Wu , Zhan Qin , Kui Ren

Backdoor attacks embed hidden malicious behaviors into deep learning models, which only activate and cause misclassifications on model inputs containing a specific trigger. Existing works on backdoor attacks and defenses, however, mostly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Emily Wenger , Josephine Passananti , Arjun Bhagoji , Yuanshun Yao , Haitao Zheng , Ben Y. Zhao

Backdoor attacks aim to inject a backdoor into a classifier such that it predicts any input with an attacker-chosen backdoor trigger as an attacker-chosen target class. Existing backdoor attacks require either retraining the classifier with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Bochuan Cao , Jinyuan Jia , Chuxuan Hu , Wenbo Guo , Zhen Xiang , Jinghui Chen , Bo Li , Dawn Song