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Related papers: A Critical Study on Data Leakage in Recommender Sy…

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Offline evaluations of recommender systems attempt to estimate users' satisfaction with recommendations using static data from prior user interactions. These evaluations provide researchers and developers with first approximations of the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-01-28 Mucun Tian , Michael D. Ekstrand

The expanding integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into recommender systems poses critical challenges to evaluation reliability. This paper identifies and investigates a previously overlooked issue: benchmark data leakage in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Mingqiao Zhang , Qiyao Peng , Yinghui Wang , Hongtao Liu , Yumeng Wang

Modern sequential recommender systems, ranging from lightweight transformer-based variants to large language models, have become increasingly prominent in academia and industry due to their strong performance in the next-item prediction…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Danil Gusak , Anna Volodkevich , Anton Klenitskiy , Alexey Vasilev , Evgeny Frolov

The evaluation of recommendation systems is a complex task. The offline and online evaluation metrics for recommender systems are ambiguous in their true objectives. The majority of recently published papers benchmark their methods using…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Petr Kasalický , Rodrigo Alves , Pavel Kordík

Recommender systems operate in an inherently dynamical setting. Past recommendations influence future behavior, including which data points are observed and how user preferences change. However, experimenting in production systems with real…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Karl Krauth , Sarah Dean , Alex Zhao , Wenshuo Guo , Mihaela Curmei , Benjamin Recht , Michael I. Jordan

Recommendation has become a prominent area of research in the field of Information Retrieval (IR). Evaluation is also a traditional research topic in this community. Motivated by a few counter-intuitive observations reported in recent…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Aixin Sun

Modern recommender systems are trained to predict users potential future interactions from users historical behavior data. During the interaction process, despite the data coming from the user side recommender systems also generate exposure…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Xin Xin , Jiyuan Yang , Hanbing Wang , Jun Ma , Pengjie Ren , Hengliang Luo , Xinlei Shi , Zhumin Chen , Zhaochun Ren

Recommender systems research tends to evaluate model performance offline and on randomly sampled targets, yet the same systems are later used to predict user behavior sequentially from a fixed point in time. Simulating online recommender…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Milena Filipovic , Blagoj Mitrevski , Diego Antognini , Emma Lejal Glaude , Boi Faltings , Claudiu Musat

The typical offline protocol to evaluate recommendation algorithms is to collect a dataset of user-item interactions and then use a part of this dataset to train a model, and the remaining data to measure how closely the model…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Maria João Lavoura , Robert Jungnickel , João Vinagre

Even though offline evaluation is just an imperfect proxy of online performance -- due to the interactive nature of recommenders -- it will probably remain the primary way of evaluation in recommender systems research for the foreseeable…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-07-28 Balázs Hidasi , Ádám Tibor Czapp

Recently, recommender systems have achieved promising performances and become one of the most widely used web applications. However, recommender systems are often trained on highly sensitive user data, thus potential data leakage from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Minxing Zhang , Zhaochun Ren , Zihan Wang , Pengjie Ren , Zhumin Chen , Pengfei Hu , Yang Zhang

In academic research, recommender systems are often evaluated on benchmark datasets, without much consideration about the global timeline. Hence, we are unable to answer questions like: Do loyal users enjoy better recommendations than…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Yitong Ji , Aixin Sun , Jie Zhang , Chenliang Li

In academic literature, recommender systems are often evaluated on the task of next-item prediction. The procedure aims to give an answer to the question: "Given the natural sequence of user-item interactions up to time t, can we predict…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-07-30 Olivier Jeunen , David Rohde , Flavian Vasile

Link prediction is a fundamental problem in network science, aiming to infer potential or missing links based on observed network structures. With the increasing adoption of parameterized models, the rigor of evaluation protocols has become…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2026-04-09 Xinshan Jiao , Yuxin Luo , Yilin Bi , Tao Zhou

In recommender systems, collecting, storing, and processing large-scale interaction data is increasingly costly in terms of time, energy, and computation, yet it remains unclear when additional data stops providing meaningful gains. This…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Youssef Abdou

Machine learning models are increasingly used for software security tasks. These models are commonly trained and evaluated on large Internet-derived datasets, which often contain duplicated or highly similar samples. When such samples are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Farnaz Soltaniani , Mohammad Ghafari

Recommender systems daily influence our decisions on the Internet. While considerable attention has been given to issues such as recommendation accuracy and user privacy, the long-term mutual feedback between a recommender system and the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2015-08-10 An Zeng , Chi Ho Yeung , Matus Medo , Yi-Cheng Zhang

Offline evaluation plays a central role in benchmarking recommender systems when online testing is impractical or risky. However, it is susceptible to two key sources of bias: exposure bias, where users only interact with items they are…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Bruno L. Pereira , Alan Said , Rodrygo L. T. Santos

Digital platforms such as social media and e-commerce websites adopt Recommender Systems to provide value to the user. However, the social consequences deriving from their adoption are still unclear. Many scholars argue that recommenders…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Erica Coppolillo , Simone Mungari , Ettore Ritacco , Francesco Fabbri , Marco Minici , Francesco Bonchi , Giuseppe Manco

Deep learning models, particularly Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, are widely used in time series forecasting due to their ability to capture complex temporal dependencies. However, evaluation integrity is often compromised by data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Salma Albelali , Moataz Ahmed
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