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Fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) is expected to address a wide range of computational problems. To realize large-scale FTQC, it is essential to encode logical qubits using quantum error-correcting codes. High-rate concatenated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Takeshi Kakizaki

In this paper we investigate the role of local information in the decoding of the repetition and surface error correction codes for the protection of quantum states. Our key result is an improvement in resource efficiency when local…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-30 Michael Hanks , William J. Munro , Kae Nemoto

This article provides an introduction to surface code quantum computing. We first estimate the size and speed of a surface code quantum computer. We then introduce the concept of the stabilizer, using two qubits, and extend this concept to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-10-30 Austin G. Fowler , Matteo Mariantoni , John M. Martinis , Andrew N. Cleland

A quantum error correcting code protects encoded logical information against errors. Transversal gates are a naturally fault-tolerant way to manipulate logical qubits but cannot be universal themselves. Protocols such as magic state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-03 Eric Huang , Pierre-Gabriel Rozon , Arpit Dua , Sarang Gopalakrishnan , Michael J. Gullans

Two methods for constructing quantum LDPC codes are presented. We explain how to overcome the difficulty of finding a set of low weight generators for the stabilizer group of the code. Both approaches are based on some graph representation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 T. Camara , H. Ollivier , J. -P. Tillich

We introduce a class of 3D color codes, which we call stacked codes, together with a fault-tolerant transformation that will map logical qubits encoded in two-dimensional (2D) color codes into stacked codes and back. The stacked code allows…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-07 Tomas Jochym-O'Connor , Stephen D. Bartlett

In quantum coding theory, stabilizer codes are probably the most important class of quantum codes. They are regarded as the quantum analogue of the classical linear codes and the properties of stabilizer codes have been carefully studied in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-02-28 Ching-Yi Lai , Chung-Chin Lu

Finding efficient decoders for quantum error correcting codes adapted to realistic experimental noise in fault-tolerant devices represents a significant challenge. In this paper we introduce several decoding algorithms complemented by deep…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-01 Christopher Chamberland , Pooya Ronagh

In this work, we explore a new approach to designing both algorithms and error detection codes for preparing approximate ground states of molecules. We propose a classical algorithm to find the optimal stabilizer state by using excitations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-11 Abhinav Anand , Kenneth R. Brown

Good quantum codes, such as quantum MDS codes, are typically nondegenerate, meaning that errors of small weight require active error-correction, which is--paradoxically--itself prone to errors. Decoherence free subspaces, on the other hand,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Salah A. Aly , Andreas Klappenecker , Pradeep Kiran Sarvepalli

Quantum stabilizer codes constructed from sparse matrices have good performance and can be efficiently decoded by belief propagation (BP). A conventional BP decoding algorithm treats binary stabilizer codes as additive codes over GF(4).…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-21 Kao-Yueh Kuo , Ching-Yi Lai

Dense coding with non-maximally entangled states has been investigated in many different scenarios. We revisit this problem for protocols adopting the standard encoding scheme. In this case, the set of possible classical messages cannot be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-03-03 Roger Alfredo Kögler , Leonardo Neves

High-rate concatenated quantum codes offer a promising pathway toward fault-tolerant quantum computation, yet designing efficient decoders that fully exploit their error-correction capability remains a significant challenge. In this work,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-15 Chao Zhang , Zipeng Wu , Jiahui Wu , Shilin Huang

To leverage the full potential of quantum error-correcting stabilizer codes it is crucial to have an efficient and accurate decoder. Accurate, maximum likelihood, decoders are computationally very expensive whereas decoders based on more…

We establish the connection between a recent new construction technique for quantum error correcting codes, based on graphs, and the so-called stabilizer codes: Each stabilizer code can be realized as a graph code and vice versa.

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 D. Schlingemann

A quantum error correcting protocol can be substantially improved by taking into account features of the physical noise process. We present an efficient decoder for the surface code which can account for general noise features, including…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-13 Andrew S. Darmawan , David Poulin

Quantum computation promises significant computational advantages over classical computation for some problems. However, quantum hardware suffers from much higher error rates than in classical hardware. As a result, extensive quantum error…

A new class of error-correcting quantum codes is introduced capable of stabilizing qubits against spontaneous decay arising from couplings to statistically independent reservoirs. These quantum codes are based on the idea of using an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 G. Alber , Th. Beth , Ch. Charnes , A. Delgado , M. Grassl , M. Mussinger

Concatenating quantum error correction codes scales error correction capability by driving logical error rates down double-exponentially across levels. However, the noise structure shifts under concatenation, making it hard to choose an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-17 Nico Meyer , Christopher Mutschler , Dominik Seuß , Andreas Maier , Daniel D. Scherer

Quantum state transfer is a procedure, which allows to exchange quantum information between stationary qubit systems. It is anticipated that the transfer will find applications in solid-state quantum computing. In this contribution, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-05-05 Marcin Markiewicz , Marcin Wieśniak