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Answering open-ended questions remains challenging for AI systems because it requires synthesis, judgment, and exploration beyond factual retrieval, and users often refine answers through multiple iterations rather than accepting a single…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Saransh Sharma , Pritika Ramu , Aparna Garimella , Koyel Mukherjee

We study the problem of stock related question answering (StockQA): automatically generating answers to stock related questions, just like professional stock analysts providing action recommendations to stocks upon user's requests. StockQA…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-21 Zhaopeng Tu , Yong Jiang , Xiaojiang Liu , Lei Shu , Shuming Shi

Event forecasting is a challenging, yet important task, as humans seek to constantly plan for the future. Existing automated forecasting studies rely mostly on structured data, such as time-series or event-based knowledge graphs, to help…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Woojeong Jin , Rahul Khanna , Suji Kim , Dong-Ho Lee , Fred Morstatter , Aram Galstyan , Xiang Ren

The open-ended Visual Question Answering (VQA) task requires AI models to jointly reason over visual and natural language inputs using world knowledge. Recently, pre-trained Language Models (PLM) such as GPT-3 have been applied to the task…

The aim of this work is to create a framework for synthetically generating question/query pairs with as little human input as possible. These datasets can be used to train machine translation systems to convert natural language questions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-06 Benjamin A. Spiegel , Vincent Cheong , James E. Kaplan , Anthony Sanchez

Generative question answering (QA) models generate answers to questions either solely based on the parameters of the model (the closed-book setting) or additionally retrieving relevant evidence (the open-book setting). Generative QA models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Zhengbao Jiang , Jun Araki , Haibo Ding , Graham Neubig

Information needs are naturally represented as questions. Automatic Natural-Language Question Answering (NLQA) has only recently become a practical task on a larger scale and without domain constraints. This paper gives a brief introduction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Jochen L. Leidner

We propose a simple method to generate multilingual question and answer pairs on a large scale through the use of a single generative model. These synthetic samples can be used to improve the zero-shot performance of multilingual QA models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Siamak Shakeri , Noah Constant , Mihir Sanjay Kale , Linting Xue

Search typically relies on keyword queries, but these are often semantically ambiguous. We propose to overcome this by offering users natural language questions, based on their keyword queries, to disambiguate their intent. This…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-07-18 Heng Ding , Krisztian Balog

Question Answering (QA) is increasingly used by search engines to provide results to their end-users, yet very few websites currently use QA technologies for their search functionality. To illustrate the potential of QA technologies for the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Kunpeng Guo , Clement Defretiere , Dennis Diefenbach , Christophe Gravier , Antoine Gourru

In real-world question-answering (QA) systems, ill-formed questions, such as wrong words, ill word order, and noisy expressions, are common and may prevent the QA systems from understanding and answering them accurately. In order to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-10-10 Ye Liu , Chenwei Zhang , Xiaohui Yan , Yi Chang , Philip S. Yu

Question generation (QG) is a natural language processing task with an abundance of potential benefits and use cases in the educational domain. In order for this potential to be realized, QG systems must be designed and validated with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Sabina Elkins , Ekaterina Kochmar , Jackie C. K. Cheung , Iulian Serban

Neural abstractive summarization models are prone to generate content inconsistent with the source document, i.e. unfaithful. Existing automatic metrics do not capture such mistakes effectively. We tackle the problem of evaluating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Esin Durmus , He He , Mona Diab

The development of large high-quality datasets and high-performing models have led to significant advancements in the domain of Extractive Question Answering (EQA). This progress has sparked considerable interest in exploring unanswerable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Son Quoc Tran , Gia-Huy Do , Phong Nguyen-Thuan Do , Matt Kretchmar , Xinya Du

Automatic question generation is an important technique that can improve the training of question answering, help chatbots to start or continue a conversation with humans, and provide assessment materials for educational purposes. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-02-28 Bang Liu , Mingjun Zhao , Di Niu , Kunfeng Lai , Yancheng He , Haojie Wei , Yu Xu

Neural network models are capable of generating extremely natural sounding conversational interactions. Nevertheless, these models have yet to demonstrate that they can incorporate content in the form of factual information or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-19 Marjan Ghazvininejad , Chris Brockett , Ming-Wei Chang , Bill Dolan , Jianfeng Gao , Wen-tau Yih , Michel Galley

Direct answering of questions that involve multiple entities and relations is a challenge for text-based QA. This problem is most pronounced when answers can be found only by joining evidence from multiple documents. Curated knowledge…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Xiaolu Lu , Soumajit Pramanik , Rishiraj Saha Roy , Abdalghani Abujabal , Yafang Wang , Gerhard Weikum

The dependency between an adequate question formulation and correct answer selection is a very intriguing but still underexplored area. In this paper, we show that question rewriting (QR) of the conversational context allows to shed more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-04 Svitlana Vakulenko , Shayne Longpre , Zhucheng Tu , Raviteja Anantha

We propose a recurrent neural model that generates natural-language questions from documents, conditioned on answers. We show how to train the model using a combination of supervised and reinforcement learning. After teacher forcing for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-05-16 Xingdi Yuan , Tong Wang , Caglar Gulcehre , Alessandro Sordoni , Philip Bachman , Sandeep Subramanian , Saizheng Zhang , Adam Trischler

The ability of generative language models (GLMs) to generate text has improved considerably in the last few years, enabling their use for generative data augmentation. In this work, we propose CONDA, an approach to further improve GLMs'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Dheeraj Mekala , Tu Vu , Timo Schick , Jingbo Shang