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In reading comprehension, generating sentence-level distractors is a significant task, which requires a deep understanding of the article and question. The traditional entity-centered methods can only generate word-level or phrase-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-21 Xiaorui Zhou , Senlin Luo , Yunfang Wu

Multiple-choice cloze questions are commonly used to assess linguistic proficiency and comprehension. However, generating high-quality distractors remains challenging, as existing methods often lack adaptability and control over difficulty…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Seokhoon Kang , Yejin Jeon , Seonjeong Hwang , Gary Geunbae Lee

In this paper, we propose a novel configurable framework to automatically generate distractive choices for open-domain cloze-style multiple-choice questions, which incorporates a general-purpose knowledge base to effectively create a small…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Siyu Ren , Kenny Q. Zhu

Evaluating generative models with open-ended generation is challenging due to inconsistencies in response formats. Multiple-choice (MC) evaluation mitigates this issue, but generating high-quality distractors is time-consuming and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Grace Byun , Jinho D. Choi

When evaluating a learner's knowledge proficiency, the multiple-choice question is an efficient and widely used format in standardized tests. Nevertheless, generating these questions, particularly plausible distractors (incorrect options),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Runfeng Lin , Dacheng Xu , Huijiang Wang , Zebiao Chen , Yating Wang , Shouqiang Liu

Within the context of reading comprehension, the task of Distractor Generation (DG) aims to generate several incorrect options to confuse readers. Traditional supervised methods for DG rely heavily on expensive human-annotated distractor…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Fanyi Qu , Hao Sun , Yunfang Wu

We present a generative method called CQG for constructing cloze questions from a given article using neural networks and WordNet, with an emphasis on generating multigram distractors. Built on sense disambiguation, text-to-text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Yicheng Sun , Jie Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various educational tasks, yet their alignment with human learning patterns, particularly in predicting which incorrect options students are most likely to select in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Naiming Liu , Shashank Sonkar , Richard G. Baraniuk

Creating multiple-choice questions to assess reading comprehension of a given article involves generating question-answer pairs (QAPs) and adequate distractors. We present two methods to tackle the challenge of QAP generations: (1) A…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Cheng Zhang

We present and analyze results from a pilot study that explores how crowdsourcing can be used in the process of generating distractors (incorrect answer choices) in multiple-choice concept inventories (conceptual tests of understanding). To…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-09-11 Travis Scheponik , Enis Golaszewski , Geoffrey Herman , Spencer Offenberger , Linda Oliva , Peter A. H. Peterson , Alan T. Sherman

Manually designing cloze test consumes enormous time and efforts. The major challenge lies in wrong option (distractor) selection. Having carefully-design distractors improves the effectiveness of learner ability assessment. As a result,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Shang-Hsuan Chiang , Ssu-Cheng Wang , Yao-Chung Fan

Multiple choice questions (MCQs) are a popular method for evaluating students' knowledge due to their efficiency in administration and grading. Crafting high-quality math MCQs is a labor-intensive process that requires educators to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Jaewook Lee , Digory Smith , Simon Woodhead , Andrew Lan

Clinical tasks such as diagnosis and treatment require strong decision-making abilities, highlighting the importance of rigorous evaluation benchmarks to assess the reliability of large language models (LLMs). In this work, we introduce a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Running Yang , Wenlong Deng , Minghui Chen , Yuyin Zhou , Xiaoxiao Li

This paper explores the task of answer-aware questions generation. Based on the attention-based pointer generator model, we propose to incorporate an auxiliary task of language modeling to help question generation in a hierarchical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-02 Wenjie Zhou , Minghua Zhang , Yunfang Wu

Question generation (QG) is a natural language generation task where a model is trained to ask questions corresponding to some input text. Most recent approaches frame QG as a sequence-to-sequence problem and rely on additional features and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-16 Luis Enrico Lopez , Diane Kathryn Cruz , Jan Christian Blaise Cruz , Charibeth Cheng

Modeling plausible student misconceptions is critical for AI in education. In this work, we examine how large language models (LLMs) reason about misconceptions when generating multiple-choice distractors, a task that requires modeling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yanick Zengaffinen , Andreas Opedal , Donya Rooein , Kv Aditya Srivatsa , Shashank Sonkar , Mrinmaya Sachan

Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) in educational settings has brought new learning approaches, transforming the practices of both students and educators. Among the various technologies driving this transformation, Large Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Giorgio Biancini , Alessio Ferrato , Carla Limongelli

Identifying words that impact a task's performance more than others is a challenge in natural language processing. Transformers models have recently addressed this issue by incorporating an attention mechanism that assigns greater attention…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Neşet Özkan Tan , Alex Yuxuan Peng , Joshua Bensemann , Qiming Bao , Tim Hartill , Mark Gahegan , Michael Witbrock

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) significantly enhances the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models. When applied to RLVR, Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) offer a scalable source of verifiable data but risk…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Xu Guo , Qiming Ge , Jian Tong , Kedi Chen , Jin Zhang , Xiaogui Yang , Xuan Gao , Haijun Lv , Zhihui Lu , Yicheng Zou , Qipeng Guo

We introduce a multi-stage prompting approach (MSP) for the generation of multiple choice questions (MCQs), harnessing the capabilities of GPT models such as text-davinci-003 and GPT-4, renowned for their excellence across various NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Subhankar Maity , Aniket Deroy , Sudeshna Sarkar