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The goal of this tutorial is to introduce key models, algorithms, and open questions related to the use of optimization methods for solving problems arising in machine learning. It is written with an INFORMS audience in mind, specifically…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-07-03 Frank E. Curtis , Katya Scheinberg

This paper studies a class of simple bilevel optimization problems where we minimize a composite convex function at the upper-level subject to a composite convex lower-level problem. Existing methods either provide asymptotic guarantees for…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-06 Jiulin Wang , Xu Shi , Rujun Jiang

A bilevel optimization problem consists of two optimization problems nested as an upper- and a lower-level problem, in which the optimality of the lower-level problem defines a constraint for the upper-level problem. This paper considers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Takuya Kanayama , Yuki Ito , Tomoyuki Tamura , Masayuki Karasuyama

Motivated by high-dimensional nonlinear optimization problems as well as ill-posed optimization problems arising in image processing, we consider a bilevel optimization model where we seek among the optimal solutions of the inner level…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-09-27 Harshal Kaushik , Farzad Yousefian

A novel multiscale consensus-based optimization (CBO) algorithm for solving bi- and tri-level optimization problems is introduced. Existing CBO techniques are generalized by the proposed method through the employment of multiple interacting…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-23 Michael Herty , Yuyang Huang , Dante Kalise , Hicham Kouhkouh

A lot of effort has been invested into characterizing the convergence rates of gradient based algorithms for non-linear convex optimization. Recently, motivated by large datasets and problems in machine learning, the interest has shifted…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2012-07-23 Konstantinos I. Tsianos , Michael G. Rabbat

We propose a new approach to solving bilevel optimization problems, intermediate between solving full-system optimality conditions with a Newton-type approach, and treating the inner problem as an implicit function. The overall idea is to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-05-08 Ensio Suonperä , Tuomo Valkonen

Recently, lower-level constrained bilevel optimization has attracted increasing attention. However, existing methods mostly focus on either deterministic cases or problems with linear constraints. The main challenge in stochastic cases with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-13 Hantao Nie , Jiaxiang Li , Zaiwen Wen

Block coordinate descent methods and stochastic subgradient methods have been extensively studied in optimization and machine learning. By combining randomized block sampling with stochastic subgradient methods based on dual averaging, we…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-09-16 Qi Deng , Guanghui Lan , Anand Rangarajan

We present and analyze an algorithm for optimizing smooth and convex or strongly convex objectives using minibatch stochastic gradient estimates. The algorithm is optimal with respect to its dependence on both the minibatch size and minimum…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Blake Woodworth , Nathan Srebro

Methods for solving scientific computing and inference problems, such as kernel- and neural network-based approaches for partial differential equations (PDEs), inverse problems, and supervised learning tasks, depend crucially on the choice…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-08 Nicholas H. Nelsen , Houman Owhadi , Andrew M. Stuart , Xianjin Yang , Zongren Zou

In recent years, there has been a surge of machine learning applications developed with hierarchical structure, which can be approached from Bi-Level Optimization (BLO) perspective. However, most existing gradient-based methods overlook the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-16 Risheng Liu , Yaohua Liu , Shangzhi Zeng , Jin Zhang

We present a method for solving general nonconvex-strongly-convex bilevel optimization problems. Our method -- the \emph{Restarted Accelerated HyperGradient Descent} (\texttt{RAHGD}) method -- finds an $\epsilon$-first-order stationary…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-07-04 Haikuo Yang , Luo Luo , Chris Junchi Li , Michael I. Jordan

Stochastic bilevel optimization (SBO) is becoming increasingly essential in machine learning due to its versatility in handling nested structures. To address large-scale SBO, decentralized approaches have emerged as effective paradigms in…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-27 Boao Kong , Shuchen Zhu , Songtao Lu , Xinmeng Huang , Kun Yuan

This paper consider solving a class of nonconvex-strongly-convex distributed stochastic bilevel optimization (DSBO) problems with personalized inner-level objectives. Most existing algorithms require computational loops for hypergradient…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-08 Youcheng Niu , Jinming Xu , Ying Sun , Yan Huang , Li Chai

This paper investigates simple bilevel optimization problems where we minimize an upper-level objective over the optimal solution set of a convex lower-level objective. Existing methods for such problems either only guarantee asymptotic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-05 Pengyu Chen , Xu Shi , Rujun Jiang , Jiulin Wang

Asynchronous distributed algorithms are a popular way to reduce synchronization costs in large-scale optimization, and in particular for neural network training. However, for nonsmooth and nonconvex objectives, few convergence guarantees…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-07-14 Vyacheslav Kungurtsev , Malcolm Egan , Bapi Chatterjee , Dan Alistarh

This paper investigates accelerating the convergence of distributed optimization algorithms on non-convex problems. We propose a distributed primal-dual stochastic gradient descent~(SGD) equipped with "powerball" method to accelerate. We…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-10-15 Shengjun Zhang , Colleen P. Bailey

Dual averaging and gradient descent with their stochastic variants stand as the two canonical recipe books for first-order optimization: Every modern variant can be viewed as a descendant of one or the other. In the convex regime, these…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-28 Tuo Liu , El Mehdi Saad , Wojciech Kotłowski , Francesco Orabona

Gradient-based optimization methods for hyperparameter tuning guarantee theoretical convergence to stationary solutions when for fixed upper-level variable values, the lower level of the bilevel program is strongly convex (LLSC) and smooth…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-06-14 Lucy Gao , Jane J. Ye , Haian Yin , Shangzhi Zeng , Jin Zhang