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Email is one of the most widely used ways to communicate, with millions of people and businesses relying on it to communicate and share knowledge and information on a daily basis. Nevertheless, the rise in email users has occurred a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Sultan Zavrak , Seyhmus Yilmaz

Phishing and spam detection is long standing challenge that has been the subject of much academic research. Large Language Models (LLM) have vast potential to transform society and provide new and innovative approaches to solve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Suhaima Jamal , Hayden Wimmer

Spam pages are designed to maliciously appear among the top search results by excessive usage of popular terms. Therefore, spam pages should be removed using an effective and efficient spam detection system. Previous methods for web spam…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2013-07-25 Ali Hadian , Behrouz Minaei-Bidgoli

Despite a large amount of effort devoted in the past years trying to limit unsolicited mail, spam is still a major global concern. Content-analysis techniques and blacklists, the most popular methods used to identify and block spam, are…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2008-09-01 Dominik Schatzmann , Martin Burkhart , Thrasyvoulos Spyropoulos

An improved email classification method based on Artificial Immune System is proposed in this paper to develop an immune based system by using the immune learning, immune memory in solving complex problems in spam detection. An optimized…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-02-07 Ismaila Idris , Shafii Muhammad Abdulhamid

Recent spam email techniques exploit visual effects in text messages, such as poisoning text, obfuscating words, and hidden text salting techniques. These effects were able to evade spam detection techniques based on the text. In this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Ali Hossary , Stefano Tomasin

The increasingly sophisticated and growing number of threat actors along with the sheer speed at which cyber attacks unfold, make timely identification of attacks imperative to an organisations' security. Consequently, persons responsible…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Clemens Sauerwein , Alexander Pfohl

Short Message Service (SMS) is a very popular service used for communication by mobile users. However, this popular service can be abused by executing illegal activities and influencing security risks. Nowadays, many automatic machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Waddah Saeed

Text-based communication is highly favoured as a communication method, especially in business environments. As a result, it is often abused by sending malicious messages, e.g., spam emails, to deceive users into relaying personal…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-04-14 Annalisa Occhipinti , Louis Rogers , Claudio Angione

Phishing attacks remain among the most prevalent cybersecurity threats, causing significant financial losses for individuals and organizations worldwide. This paper presents a machine learning-based phishing email detection system that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Amitabh Chakravorty , Matthew Price , Nelly Elsayed , Zag ElSayed

The Internet is used by billions of users every day because it offers fast and free communication tools and platforms. Nevertheless, with this significant increase in usage, huge amounts of spam are generated every second, which wastes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Omar Husni Odeh , Anas Arram , Murad Njoum

Machine unlearning for security is studied in this context. Several spam email detection methods exist, each of which employs a different algorithm to detect undesired spam emails. But these models are vulnerable to attacks. Many attackers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Nishchal Parne , Kyathi Puppaala , Nithish Bhupathi , Ripon Patgiri

The rise of large language models (LLMs) has enabled the generation of highly persuasive spam reviews that closely mimic human writing. These reviews pose significant challenges for existing detection systems and threaten the credibility of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Xin Liu , Rongwu Xu , Xinyi Jia , Jason Liao , Jiao Sun , Ling Huang , Wei Xu

Emails and SMSs are the most popular tools in today communications, and as the increase of emails and SMSs users are increase, the number of spams is also increases. Spam is any kind of unwanted, unsolicited digital communication that gets…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Thaer Sahmoud , Mohammad Mikki

Learning from noisy labels (LNL) is a challenge that arises in many real-world scenarios where collected training data can contain incorrect or corrupted labels. Most existing solutions identify noisy labels and adopt active learning to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Bo Yuan , Yulin Chen , Yin Zhang , Wei Jiang

This paper investigates the application of natural language processing (NLP)-based n-gram analysis and machine learning techniques to enhance malware classification. We explore how NLP can be used to extract and analyze textual features…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Bishwajit Prasad Gond , Rajneekant , Pushkar Kishore , Durga Prasad Mohapatra

SMS, or short messaging service, is a widely used and cost-effective communication medium that has sadly turned into a haven for unwanted messages, commonly known as SMS spam. With the rapid adoption of smartphones and Internet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Mohammad Amaz Uddin , Muhammad Nazrul Islam , Leandros Maglaras , Helge Janicke , Iqbal H. Sarker

Web spam refers to some techniques, which try to manipulate search engine ranking algorithms in order to raise web page position in search engine results. In the best case, spammers encourage viewers to visit their sites, and provide…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2012-10-12 Shekoofeh Ghiam , Alireza Nemaney Pour

In this study, we introduce SpamDam, a SMS spam detection framework designed to overcome key challenges in detecting and understanding SMS spam, such as the lack of public SMS spam datasets, increasing privacy concerns of collecting SMS…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Yekai Li , Rufan Zhang , Wenxin Rong , Xianghang Mi

One of the stratagems used to deceive spam filters is to substitute vocables with synonyms or similar words that turn the message unrecognisable by the detection algorithms. In this paper we investigate whether the recent development of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Sergio Rojas-Galeano