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We introduce SentEval, a toolkit for evaluating the quality of universal sentence representations. SentEval encompasses a variety of tasks, including binary and multi-class classification, natural language inference and sentence similarity.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-03-16 Alexis Conneau , Douwe Kiela

Pair-based metric learning has been widely adopted to learn sentence embedding in many NLP tasks such as semantic text similarity due to its efficiency in computation. Most existing works employed a sequence encoder model and utilized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Li Zhang , Han Wang , Lingxiao Li

Math word problems form a natural abstraction to a range of quantitative reasoning problems, such as understanding financial news, sports results, and casualties of war. Solving such problems requires the understanding of several…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-12-29 Subhro Roy , Dan Roth

Computer programs, so-called solvers, for solving the well-known Boolean satisfiability problem (Sat) have been improving for decades. Among the reasons, why these solvers are so fast, is the implicit usage of the formula's structural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-25 Markus Hecher

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across various domains. Math Word Problems (MWPs) serve as a crucial benchmark for evaluating LLMs' reasoning abilities. While most research primarily focuses on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Yuhong Sun , Zhangyue Yin , Xuanjing Huang , Xipeng Qiu , Hui Zhao

Finding an optimal word representation algorithm is particularly important in terms of domain specific data, as the same word can have different meanings and hence, different representations depending on the domain and context. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Nouman Ahmed , Ronin Wu , Victor Botev

This paper proposes a Transformer-based model to generate equations for math word problems. It achieves much better results than RNN models when copy and align mechanisms are not used, and can outperform complex copy and align RNN models.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-30 Yuanliang Meng , Anna Rumshisky

We introduce an approach that aims to combine the usage of satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solvers with the Combinatory Logic Synthesizer (CL)S framework. (CL)S is a tool for the automatic composition of software components from a…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Fadil Kallat , Tristan Schäfer , Anna Vasileva

We introduce Monte Carlo Forest Search (MCFS), a class of reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms for learning policies in {tree MDPs}, for which policy execution involves traversing an exponential-sized tree. Examples of such problems…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Chris Cameron , Jason Hartford , Taylor Lundy , Tuan Truong , Alan Milligan , Rex Chen , Kevin Leyton-Brown

Dense vector representations for textual data are crucial in modern NLP. Word embeddings and sentence embeddings estimated from raw texts are key in achieving state-of-the-art results in various tasks requiring semantic understanding.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Sonal Sannigrahi , Josef van Genabith , Cristina Espana-Bonet

We present our contribution to the IWPT 2021 shared task on parsing into enhanced Universal Dependencies. Our main system component is a hybrid tree-graph parser that integrates (a) predictions of spanning trees for the enhanced graphs with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Tianze Shi , Lillian Lee

Word embedding (WE) techniques are advanced textual semantic representation models oriented from the natural language processing (NLP) area. Inspired by their effectiveness in facilitating various NLP tasks, more and more researchers…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Xiaohan Chen , Weiqin Zou , Lianyi Zhi , Qianshuang Meng , Jingxuan Zhang

Recent approaches to word sense disambiguation (WSD) utilize encodings of the sense gloss (definition), in addition to the input context, to improve performance. In this work we demonstrate that this approach can be adapted for use in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Joshua Tanner , Jacob Hoffman

The ability of semantic reasoning over the sentence pair is essential for many natural language understanding tasks, e.g., natural language inference and machine reading comprehension. A recent significant improvement in these tasks comes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Weidi Xu , Xingyi Cheng , Kunlong Chen , Wei Wang , Bin Bi , Ming Yan , Chen Wu , Luo Si , Wei Chu , Taifeng Wang

Abstractive text summarization is a highly difficult problem, and the sequence-to-sequence model has shown success in improving the performance on the task. However, the generated summaries are often inconsistent with the source content in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-11 Bingzhen Wei , Xuancheng Ren , Xu Sun , Yi Zhang , Xiaoyan Cai , Qi Su

Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) remains a persistent challenge in Optical Character Recognition (OCR) due to the inherent freedom of symbol layouts and variability in handwriting styles. Prior methods have faced…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Yu Li , Jin Jiang , Jianhua Zhu , Shuai Peng , Baole Wei , Yuxuan Zhou , Liangcai Gao

Generating formal-language programs represented by relational tuples, such as Lisp programs or mathematical operations, to solve problems stated in natural language is a challenging task because it requires explicitly capturing discrete…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Kezhen Chen , Qiuyuan Huang , Hamid Palangi , Paul Smolensky , Kenneth D. Forbus , Jianfeng Gao

Acoustic word embeddings (AWEs) are vector representations of spoken words. An effective method for obtaining AWEs is the Correspondence Auto-Encoder (CAE). In the past, the CAE method has been associated with traditional MFCC features.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Amit Meghanani , Thomas Hain

We characterize the meaning of words with language-independent numerical fingerprints, through a mathematical analysis of recurring patterns in texts. Approximating texts by Markov processes on a long-range time scale, we are able to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-07 Weinan E , Yajun Zhou

The paper focuses on the automatic generating of the witnesses for the word equation satisfiability problem by means of specializing an interpreter which tests whether a composition of variable substitutions of a given word equation system…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Antonina Nepeivoda