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Autoregressive language models are trained exclusively left-to-right. We explore the complementary factorization, training right-to-left at scale, and ask what reasoning patterns emerge when a model conditions on future context to predict…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Xunjian Yin , Sitao Cheng , Yuxi Xie , Xinyu Hu , Li Lin , Xinyi Wang , Liangming Pan , William Yang Wang , Xiaojun Wan

In many real-life settings, agents must navigate dynamic environments while reasoning under incomplete information and acting on a corpus of unstable, context-dependent, and often conflicting norms. We introduce a general, non-modal,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Mario Piazza , Andrea Sabatini

We introduce the Abductive Rule Learner with Context-awareness (ARLC), a model that solves abstract reasoning tasks based on Learn-VRF. ARLC features a novel and more broadly applicable training objective for abductive reasoning, resulting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Giacomo Camposampiero , Michael Hersche , Aleksandar Terzić , Roger Wattenhofer , Abu Sebastian , Abbas Rahimi

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) have witnessed significant progress on visual understanding tasks. However, they often prioritize language knowledge over image information on visual reasoning tasks, incurring performance degradation.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Jingqi Zhou , Sheng Wang , Jingwei Dong , Kai Liu , Lei Li , Jiahui Gao , Jiyue Jiang , Lingpeng Kong , Chuan Wu

Existing reinforcement learning methods for Chain-of-Thought reasoning suffer from two critical limitations. First, they operate as monolithic black boxes that provide undifferentiated reward signals, obscuring individual step contributions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Ziyuan Gao , Di Liang , Xianjie Wu , Philippe Morel , Minlong Peng

Probing the multilingual knowledge of linguistic structure in LLMs, often characterized as sequence labeling, faces challenges with maintaining output templates in current text-to-text prompting strategies. To solve this, we introduce a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Ercong Nie , Shuzhou Yuan , Bolei Ma , Helmut Schmid , Michael Färber , Frauke Kreuter , Hinrich Schütze

Self-supervised learning has become an increasingly important paradigm in the domain of machine intelligence. Furthermore, evidence for self-supervised adaptation, such as contrastive formulations, has emerged in recent computational…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Alexander Ororbia , Karl Friston , Rajesh P. N. Rao

Deep neural networks trained with backpropagation have achieved outstanding performance in vision tasks but remain biologically implausible, computationally demanding, and difficult to interpret. The Forward-Forward (FF) algorithm offers a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jie-En Yao , Hong-En Chen , C. -C. Jay Kuo

Forecasting conversation derailment can be useful in real-world settings such as online content moderation, conflict resolution, and business negotiations. However, despite language models' success at identifying offensive speech present in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Yunfan Zhang , Kathleen McKeown , Smaranda Muresan

Language models (LMs) often struggle to pay enough attention to the input context, and generate texts that are unfaithful or contain hallucinations. To mitigate this issue, we present context-aware decoding (CAD), which follows a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Weijia Shi , Xiaochuang Han , Mike Lewis , Yulia Tsvetkov , Luke Zettlemoyer , Scott Wen-tau Yih

Controlling a robot based on physics-consistent dynamic models, such as Deep Lagrangian Networks (DeLaN), can improve the generalizability and interpretability of the resulting behavior. However, in complex environments, the number of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Lucas Schulze , Jan Peters , Oleg Arenz

Understanding and reasoning over long contexts is a crucial capability for language models (LMs). Although recent models support increasingly long context windows, their accuracy often deteriorates as input length grows. In practice, models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Xi Ye , Wuwei Zhang , Fangcong Yin , Howard Yen , Danqi Chen

Backpropagation has rapidly become the workhorse credit assignment algorithm for modern deep learning methods. Recently, modified forms of predictive coding (PC), an algorithm with origins in computational neuroscience, have been shown to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Umais Zahid , Qinghai Guo , Zafeirios Fountas

Large Language Models (LLMs), despite their remarkable capabilities, rely on singular, pre-dominant reasoning paradigms, hindering their performance on intricate problems that demand diverse cognitive strategies. To address this, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zishan Ahmad , Saisubramaniam Gopalakrishnan

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown substantial capabilities in integrating visual and textual information, yet frequently rely on spurious correlations, undermining their robustness and generalization in complex multimodal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Zichen Wu , Hsiu-Yuan Huang , Yunfang Wu

While recent Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have shown remarkable performance in multi-modal tasks, they are prone to generating hallucinatory text responses that do not align with the given visual input, which restricts their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Ce Zhang , Zifu Wan , Zhehan Kan , Martin Q. Ma , Simon Stepputtis , Deva Ramanan , Russ Salakhutdinov , Louis-Philippe Morency , Katia Sycara , Yaqi Xie

Classic image-restoration algorithms use a variety of priors, either implicitly or explicitly. Their priors are hand-designed and their corresponding weights are heuristically assigned. Hence, deep learning methods often produce superior…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Majed El Helou , Sabine Süsstrunk

Generating intermediate steps, or Chain of Thought (CoT), is an effective way to significantly improve language models' (LM) multi-step reasoning capability. However, the CoT lengths can grow rapidly with the problem complexity, easily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Soochan Lee , Gunhee Kim

Multimodal Language Analysis is a demanding area of research, since it is associated with two requirements: combining different modalities and capturing temporal information. During the last years, several works have been proposed in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-10 Panagiotis Koromilas , Theodoros Giannakopoulos

Autoregressive decoding is the only part of sequence-to-sequence models that prevents them from massive parallelization at inference time. Non-autoregressive models enable the decoder to generate all output symbols independently in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-13 Jindřich Libovický , Jindřich Helcl