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The optimal asset allocation between risky and risk-free assets is a persistent challenge due to the inherent volatility in financial markets. Conventional methods rely on strict distributional assumptions or non-additive reward ratios,…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2026-01-06 Rongwei Liu , Jin Zheng , John Cartlidge

Portfolio optimization is essential for balancing risk and return in financial decision-making. Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has stood out as a cutting-edge tool for portfolio optimization that learns dynamic asset allocation using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Himanshu Choudhary , Arishi Orra , Manoj Thakur

Recent developments in deep learning techniques have motivated intensive research in machine learning-aided stock trading strategies. However, since the financial market has a highly non-stationary nature hindering the application of…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2020-12-15 Kentaro Imajo , Kentaro Minami , Katsuya Ito , Kei Nakagawa

Portfolio Selection is an important real-world financial task and has attracted extensive attention in artificial intelligence communities. This task, however, has two main difficulties: (i) the non-stationary price series and complex asset…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-09 Yifan Zhang , Peilin Zhao , Qingyao Wu , Bin Li , Junzhou Huang , Mingkui Tan

We adopt Deep Reinforcement Learning algorithms to design trading strategies for continuous futures contracts. Both discrete and continuous action spaces are considered and volatility scaling is incorporated to create reward functions which…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2019-11-25 Zihao Zhang , Stefan Zohren , Stephen Roberts

Portfolio management is a fundamental problem in finance. It involves periodic reallocations of assets to maximize the expected returns within an appropriate level of risk exposure. Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has been considered a…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2022-10-05 Hui Niu , Siyuan Li , Jian Li

Traditional portfolio management methods can incorporate specific investor preferences but rely on accurate forecasts of asset returns and covariances. Reinforcement learning (RL) methods do not rely on these explicit forecasts and are…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2022-03-23 Ruan Pretorius , Terence van Zyl

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithms can scale to previously intractable problems. The automation of profit generation in the stock market is possible using DRL, by combining the financial assets price "prediction" step and the…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2022-09-20 Taylan Kabbani , Ekrem Duman

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been widely studied in the portfolio management task. However, it is challenging to understand a DRL-based trading strategy because of the black-box nature of deep neural networks. In this paper, we…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2021-12-21 Mao Guan , Xiao-Yang Liu

Deep reinforcement learning enables algorithms to learn complex behavior, deal with continuous action spaces and find good strategies in environments with high dimensional state spaces. With deep reinforcement learning being an active area…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-17 Winfried Lötzsch

This paper presents a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) framework for dynamic portfolio optimization under market uncertainty and risk. The proposed model integrates a Sharpe ratio-based reward function with direct risk control mechanisms,…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2025-11-17 Emmanuel Lwele , Sabuni Emmanuel , Sitali Gabriel Sitali

Quantum machine learning has the potential for a transformative impact across industry sectors and in particular in finance. In our work we look at the problem of hedging where deep reinforcement learning offers a powerful framework for…

While researchers in the asset management industry have mostly focused on techniques based on financial and risk planning techniques like Markowitz efficient frontier, minimum variance, maximum diversification or equal risk parity, in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Eric Benhamou , David Saltiel , Sandrine Ungari , Abhishek Mukhopadhyay

One of the main challenges in real-world reinforcement learning is to learn successfully from limited training samples. We show that in certain settings, the available data can be dramatically increased through a form of multi-task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-19 Desmond Cai , Shiau Hong Lim , Laura Wynter

Can an asset manager plan the optimal timing for her/his hedging strategies given market conditions? The standard approach based on Markowitz or other more or less sophisticated financial rules aims to find the best portfolio allocation…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2020-11-10 Eric Benhamou , David Saltiel , Sandrine Ungari , Abhishek Mukhopadhyay

With the fast development of quantitative portfolio optimization in financial engineering, lots of AI-based algorithmic trading strategies have demonstrated promising results, among which reinforcement learning begins to manifest…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-03-10 Huifang Huang , Ting Gao , Pengbo Li , Jin Guo , Peng Zhang , Nan Du

The rapid changes in the finance industry due to the increasing amount of data have revolutionized the techniques on data processing and data analysis and brought new theoretical and computational challenges. In contrast to classical…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-03-01 Ben Hambly , Renyuan Xu , Huining Yang

Deep Reinforcement Learning has enabled the learning of policies for complex tasks in partially observable environments, without explicitly learning the underlying model of the tasks. While such model-free methods achieve considerable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-01-11 Tanmay Shankar , Santosha K. Dwivedy , Prithwijit Guha

In the world of advice and financial planning, there is seldom one right answer. While traditional algorithms have been successful in solving linear problems, its success often depends on choosing the right features from a dataset, which…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2021-10-26 Shareefuddin Mohammed , Rusty Bealer , Jason Cohen

Model-Free Reinforcement Learning has achieved meaningful results in stable environments but, to this day, it remains problematic in regime changing environments like financial markets. In contrast, model-based RL is able to capture some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Eric Benhamou , David Saltiel , Serge Tabachnik , Sui Kai Wong , François Chareyron