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This work introduces lightweight extensions to the RISC-V ISA to boost the efficiency of heavily Quantized Neural Network (QNN) inference on microcontroller-class cores. By extending the ISA with nibble (4-bit) and crumb (2-bit) SIMD…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Angelo Garofalo , Giuseppe Tagliavini , Francesco Conti , Luca Benini , Davide Rossi

Recent advancements in quantization and mixed-precision approaches offers substantial opportunities to improve the speed and energy efficiency of Neural Networks (NN). Research has shown that individual parameters with varying low…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Giorgos Armeniakos , Alexis Maras , Sotirios Xydis , Dimitrios Soudris

The emerging trend of deploying complex algorithms, such as Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), increasingly poses strict memory and energy efficiency requirements on Internet-of-Things (IoT) end-nodes. Mixed-precision quantization has been…

The deployment of Quantized Neural Networks (QNN) on advanced microcontrollers requires optimized software to exploit digital signal processing (DSP) extensions of modern instruction set architectures (ISA). As such, recent research…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-07-16 Nazareno Bruschi , Angelo Garofalo , Francesco Conti , Giuseppe Tagliavini , Davide Rossi

The evolution of quantization and mixed-precision techniques has unlocked new possibilities for enhancing the speed and energy efficiency of NNs. Several recent studies indicate that adapting precision levels across different parameters can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Giorgos Armeniakos , Alexis Maras , Sotirios Xydis , Dimitrios Soudris

Extreme edge platforms, such as in-vehicle smart devices, require efficient deployment of quantized deep neural networks (DNNs) to enable intelligent applications with limited amounts of energy, memory, and computing resources. However,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Longwei Huang , Chao Fang , Qiong Li , Jun Lin , Zhongfeng Wang

RISC-V processors encounter substantial challenges in deploying multi-precision deep neural networks (DNNs) due to their restricted precision support, constrained throughput, and suboptimal dataflow design. To tackle these challenges, a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Chuanning Wang , Chao Fang , Xiao Wu , Zhongfeng Wang , Jun Lin

Quantization is widely employed in both cloud and edge systems to reduce the memory occupation, latency, and energy consumption of deep neural networks. In particular, mixed-precision quantization, i.e., the use of different bit-widths for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-26 Matteo Risso , Alessio Burrello , Luca Benini , Enrico Macii , Massimo Poncino , Daniele Jahier Pagliari

Deploying deep neural networks (DNNs) on those resource-constrained edge platforms is hindered by their substantial computation and storage demands. Quantized multi-precision DNNs, denoted as MP-DNNs, offer a promising solution for these…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Chuanning Wang , Chao Fang , Xiao Wu , Zhongfeng Wang , Jun Lin

Developing accurate and reliable Compute-In-Memory (CIM) architectures is becoming a key research focus to accelerate Artificial Intelligence (AI) tasks on hardware, particularly Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). In that regard, there has been…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Omar Numan , Gaurav Singh , Kazybek Adam , Jelin Leslin , Aleksi Korsman , Otto Simola , Marko Kosunen , Jussi Ryynänen , Martin Andraud

Mixed-precision neural network (MPNN) that utilizes just enough data width for the neural network processing is an effective approach to meet the stringent resources constraints including memory and computing of MCUs. Nevertheless, there is…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Junfeng Gong , Cheng Liu , Long Cheng , Huawei Li , Xiaowei Li

Edge AI deployment faces critical challenges balancing computational performance, energy efficiency, and resource constraints. This paper presents FPGA-accelerated RISC-V instruction set architecture (ISA) extensions for efficient neural…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Arya Parameshwara , Santosh Hanamappa Mokashi

This paper presents a novel end-to-end methodology for enabling the deployment of low-error deep networks on microcontrollers. To fit the memory and computational limitations of resource-constrained edge-devices, we exploit mixed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-31 Manuele Rusci , Alessandro Capotondi , Luca Benini

The acceleration of pruned Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) on edge devices such as Microcontrollers (MCUs) is a challenging task, given the tight area- and power-constraints of these devices. In this work, we propose a three-fold contribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Francesco Daghero , Daniele Jahier Pagliari , Francesco Conti , Luca Benini , Massimo Poncino , Alessio Burrello

Endpoint devices for Internet-of-Things not only need to work under extremely tight power envelope of a few milliwatts, but also need to be flexible in their computing capabilities, from a few kOPS to GOPS. Near-threshold(NT) operation can…

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are used in a wide range of applications, with full-precision CNNs achieving high accuracy at the expense of portability. Recent progress in quantization techniques has demonstrated that sub-byte…

In this paper, we present Quark, an integer RISC-V vector processor specifically tailored for sub-byte DNN inference. Quark is implemented in GlobalFoundries' 22FDX FD-SOI technology. It is designed on top of Ara, an open-source 64-bit…

Neural Networks (NNs) have been widely adopted due to their outstanding efficacy and adaptability across computer vision and deep learning applications. The optimization of NNs is necessary to enable their deployment on energy constrained…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Pragun Jaswal , L. Hemanth Krishna , B. Srinivasu

We present PULP-NN, an optimized computing library for a parallel ultra-low-power tightly coupled cluster of RISC-V processors. The key innovation in PULP-NN is a set of kernels for Quantized Neural Network (QNN) inference, targeting byte…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-08-30 Angelo Garofalo , Manuele Rusci , Francesco Conti , Davide Rossi , Luca Benini

This paper presents an optimized methodology to design and deploy Speech Enhancement (SE) algorithms based on Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) on a state-of-the-art MicroController Unit (MCU), with 1+8 general-purpose RISC-V cores. To…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Manuele Rusci , Marco Fariselli , Martin Croome , Francesco Paci , Eric Flamand
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