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Despite recent successes, test-time scaling - i.e., dynamically expanding the token budget during inference as needed - remains brittle for vision-language models (VLMs): unstructured chains-of-thought about images entangle perception and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Niccolo Avogaro , Nayanika Debnath , Li Mi , Thomas Frick , Junling Wang , Zexue He , Hang Hua , Konrad Schindler , Mattia Rigotti

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have predominantly focused on maximizing accuracy and reasoning capabilities, often overlooking crucial computational efficiency considerations. While this approach has yielded impressive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Marwan AbdElhameed , Pavly Halim

Recent works have shown that deep neural networks benefit from multi-task learning by learning a shared representation across several related tasks. However, performance of such systems depend on relative weighting between various losses…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Pavan Kumar Anasosalu Vasu , Shreyas Saxena , Oncel Tuzel

We propose cognitive prompting as a novel approach to guide problem-solving in large language models (LLMs) through structured, human-like cognitive operations, such as goal clarification, decomposition, filtering, abstraction, and pattern…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Oliver Kramer , Jill Baumann

Teaching logic effectively requires an understanding of the factors which cause logic students to struggle. Formalization exercises, which require the student to produce a formula corresponding to the natural language sentence, are a good…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Alexandra Mayn , Kees van Deemter

Recent work shows that, beyond discrete reasoning through explicit chain-of-thought steps, which are limited by the boundaries of natural languages, large language models (LLMs) can also reason continuously in latent space, allowing richer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Dachuan Shi , Abedelkadir Asi , Keying Li , Xiangchi Yuan , Leyan Pan , Wenke Lee , Wen Xiao

Numerical reasoning is required when solving most problems in our life, but it has been neglected in previous artificial intelligence researches. FinQA challenge has been organized to strengthen the study on numerical reasoning where the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Renhui Zhang , Youwei Zhang , Yao Yu

Reinforcement learning from verifiable rewards (RLVR) has shown strong promise for LLM reasoning, but outcome-based RLVR remains inefficient on hard problems because correct final-answer rollouts are rare and sample-level credit assignment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Xitai Jiang , Zihan Tang , Wenze Lin , Yang Yue , Shenzhi Wang , Gao Huang

In-Context Learning (ICL) allows Large Language Models (LLMs) to adapt to new tasks with just a few examples, but their predictions often suffer from systematic biases, leading to unstable performance in classification. While calibration…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-05 Korel Gundem , Juncheng Dong , Dennis Zhang , Vahid Tarokh , Zhengling Qi

Fine-tuning of pre-trained transformer models has become the standard approach for solving common NLP tasks. Most of the existing approaches rely on a randomly initialized classifier on top of such networks. We argue that this fine-tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-30 Alexandre Tamborrino , Nicola Pellicano , Baptiste Pannier , Pascal Voitot , Louise Naudin

Many challenging reasoning tasks require not just rapid, intuitive responses, but a more deliberate, multi-step approach. Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) highlights an important shift from the "System 1" way of quick…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Guizhen Chen , Weiwen Xu , Hao Zhang , Hou Pong Chan , Chaoqun Liu , Lidong Bing , Deli Zhao , Anh Tuan Luu , Yu Rong

Convolutional Neural Networks have dramatically improved in recent years, surpassing human accuracy on certain problems and performance exceeding that of traditional computer vision algorithms. While the compute pattern in itself is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-07-10 Michaela Blott , Thomas B. Preusser , Nicholas Fraser , Giulio Gambardella , Kenneth OBrien , Yaman Umuroglu , Miriam Leeser

Leader-boards like SuperGLUE are seen as important incentives for active development of NLP, since they provide standard benchmarks for fair comparison of modern language models. They have driven the world's best engineering teams as well…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-05 Tatyana Iazykova , Denis Kapelyushnik , Olga Bystrova , Andrey Kutuzov

In the modern knowledge economy, success demands sustained focus and high cognitive performance. Research suggests that human cognition is linked to a finite resource, and upon its depletion, cognitive functions such as self-control and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-09-11 Nathan O. Hodas , Jacob Hunter , Stephen J. Young , Kristina Lerman

One critical challenge for large language models (LLMs) for making complex reasoning is their reliance on matching reasoning patterns from training data, instead of proactively selecting the most appropriate cognitive strategy to solve a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Qin Liu , Wenxuan Zhou , Nan Xu , James Y. Huang , Fei Wang , Sheng Zhang , Hoifung Poon , Muhao Chen

Table reasoning, encompassing tasks such as table question answering, fact verification, and text-to-SQL, requires precise understanding of structured tabular data, coupled with numerical computation and code manipulation for effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Fangyu Lei , Jinxiang Meng , Yiming Huang , Tinghong Chen , Yun Zhang , Shizhu He , Jun Zhao , Kang Liu

Multimodal reasoning in vision-language models (VLMs) typically relies on a two-stage process: supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement learning (RL). In standard SFT, all tokens contribute equally to the loss, even though reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Shaked Perek , Ben Wiesel , Avihu Dekel , Nimrod Shabtay , Eli Schwartz

While Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve near-human performance on standard benchmarks, their capabilities often fail to generalize to complex, real-world problems. To bridge this gap, we introduce DeepQuestion, a scalable, automated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Ali Khoramfar , Ali Ramezani , Mohammad Mahdi Mohajeri , Mohammad Javad Dousti , Majid Nili Ahmadabadi , Heshaam Faili

With the development of pre-trained models and the incorporation of phonetic and graphic information, neural models have achieved high scores in Chinese Spelling Check (CSC). However, it does not provide a comprehensive reflection of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-26 Xunjian Yin , Xiaojun Wan

A problem faced by many instructors is that of designing exams that accurately assess the abilities of the students. Typically these exams are prepared several days in advance, and generic question scores are used based on rough…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-11-07 Sam Ganzfried , Farzana Yusuf