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We present a Reinforcement Learning (RL) based framework for optimizing long-term discounted reward problems with large combinatorial action space and state dependent constraints. These characteristics are common to many operations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Pavithra Harsha , Ashish Jagmohan , Jayant Kalagnanam , Brian Quanz , Divya Singhvi

We investigate how reinforcement learning can be used to train level-designing agents. This represents a new approach to procedural content generation in games, where level design is framed as a game, and the content generator itself is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-14 Ahmed Khalifa , Philip Bontrager , Sam Earle , Julian Togelius

Recent advances at the intersection of reinforcement learning (RL) and visual intelligence have enabled agents that not only perceive complex visual scenes but also reason, generate, and act within them. This survey offers a critical and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Weijia Wu , Chen Gao , Joya Chen , Kevin Qinghong Lin , Qingwei Meng , Yiming Zhang , Yuke Qiu , Hong Zhou , Mike Zheng Shou

Students have a limited time to study and are typically ineffective at allocating study time. Machine-directed study strategies that identify which items need reinforcement and dictate the spacing of repetition have been shown to help…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-03-02 Shane Mooney , Karen Sun , Eric Bomgardner

Reinforcement learning (RL) in non-stationary environments is challenging, as changing dynamics and rewards quickly make past experiences outdated. Traditional experience replay (ER) methods, especially those using TD-error prioritization,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Tianyang Duan , Zongyuan Zhang , Songxiao Guo , Yuanye Zhao , Zheng Lin , Zihan Fang , Yi Liu , Dianxin Luan , Dong Huang , Heming Cui , Yong Cui

Continual learning seeks to enable machine learning systems to solve an increasing corpus of tasks sequentially. A critical challenge for continual learning is forgetting, where the performance on previously learned tasks decreases as new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Yasaman Mahdaviyeh , James Lucas , Mengye Ren , Andreas S. Tolias , Richard Zemel , Toniann Pitassi

Medical treatments often involve a sequence of decisions, each informed by previous outcomes. This process closely aligns with reinforcement learning (RL), a framework for optimizing sequential decisions to maximize cumulative rewards under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Ali Shirali , Alexander Schubert , Ahmed Alaa

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a powerful machine learning technique that enables an intelligent agent to learn an optimal policy that maximizes the cumulative rewards in sequential decision making. Most of methods in the existing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-01-06 Chengchun Shi , Zhengling Qi , Jianing Wang , Fan Zhou

Reinforcement learning (RL) with unit test feedback has enhanced large language models' (LLMs) code generation, but relies on sparse rewards provided only after complete code evaluation, limiting learning efficiency and incremental…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Ning Dai , Zheng Wu , Renjie Zheng , Ziyun Wei , Wenlei Shi , Xing Jin , Guanlin Liu , Chen Dun , Liang Huang , Lin Yan

In recent years, significant progress has been made in the field of robotic reinforcement learning (RL), enabling methods that handle complex image observations, train in the real world, and incorporate auxiliary data, such as…

Constrained Reinforcement Learning (CRL) addresses sequential decision-making problems where agents are required to achieve goals by maximizing the expected return while meeting domain-specific constraints. In this setting, policy-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Alessandro Montenegro , Leonardo Cesani , Marco Mussi , Matteo Papini , Alberto Maria Metelli

Deep networks allow to obtain outstanding results in semantic segmentation, however they need to be trained in a single shot with a large amount of data. Continual learning settings where new classes are learned in incremental steps and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Andrea Maracani , Umberto Michieli , Marco Toldo , Pietro Zanuttigh

Solving a reinforcement learning (RL) problem poses two competing challenges: fitting a potentially discontinuous value function, and generalizing well to new observations. In this paper, we analyze the learning dynamics of temporal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Clare Lyle , Mark Rowland , Will Dabney , Marta Kwiatkowska , Yarin Gal

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been effective for post-training autoregressive (AR) language models, but extending these methods to diffusion language models (DLMs) is challenging due to intractable sequence-level likelihoods. Existing…

Deep neural networks (DNN) have achieved remarkable success in various fields, including computer vision and natural language processing. However, training an effective DNN model still poses challenges. This paper aims to propose a method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Hejie Ying , Mengmeng Song , Yaohong Tang , Shungen Xiao , Zimin Xiao

The emergence of Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) has achieved tremendous success in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) by learning universal representations on large corpora in a self-supervised manner. The pre-trained models…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Peng Liu , Lemei Zhang , Jon Atle Gulla

Meta reinforcement learning (RL) allows agents to leverage experience across a distribution of tasks on which the agent can train at will, enabling faster learning of optimal policies on new test tasks. Despite its success in improving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Tingting Ni , Maryam Kamgarpour

Pretraining is a common technique in deep learning for increasing performance and reducing training time, with promising experimental results in deep reinforcement learning (RL). However, pretraining requires a relevant dataset for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Saurav Kadavath , Samuel Paradis , Brian Yao

Preference-based Reinforcement Learning (PbRL) replaces reward values in traditional reinforcement learning by preferences to better elicit human opinion on the target objective, especially when numerical reward values are hard to design or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Yichong Xu , Ruosong Wang , Lin F. Yang , Aarti Singh , Artur Dubrawski

This paper proposes a method for prioritizing the replay experience referred to as Hindsight Goal Ranking (HGR) in overcoming the limitation of Hindsight Experience Replay (HER) that generates hindsight goals based on uniform sampling. HGR…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Tung M. Luu , Chang D. Yoo