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A massive gap exists between current quantum computing (QC) prototypes, and the size and scale required for many proposed QC algorithms. Current QC implementations are prone to noise and variability which affect their reliability, and yet…

In 2017, John Preskill defined Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers as an intermediate step on the road to large scale error corrected fault-tolerant quantum computers (FTQC). The NISQ regime corresponds to noisy qubit quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-13 Olivier Ezratty

This paper addresses quantum circuit mapping for Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers. Since NISQ computers constraint two-qubit operations on limited couplings, an input circuit must be transformed into an equivalent output…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-21 Toshinari Itoko , Rudy Raymond , Takashi Imamichi , Atsushi Matsuo

A universal fault-tolerant quantum computer that can solve efficiently problems such as integer factorization and unstructured database search requires millions of qubits with low error rates and long coherence times. While the experimental…

Noisy and Intermediate-Scale Quantum, or NISQ, processors are sensitive to noise, prone to quantum decoherence, and are not yet capable of continuous quantum error correction for fault-tolerant quantum computation. Hence, quantum algorithms…

Rapid advancement in the domain of quantum technologies has opened up researchers to the real possibility of experimenting with quantum circuits and simulating small-scale quantum programs. Nevertheless, the quality of currently available…

Quantum algorithms rely on quantum computers for implementation, but the physical connectivity constraints of modern quantum processors impede the efficient realization of quantum algorithms. Qubit mapping, a critical technology for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-24 Wenjie Sun , Xiaoyu Li , Lianhui Yu , Zhigang Wang , Geng Chen , Desheng Zheng , Guowu Yang

Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) machines are not fault-tolerant, operate few qubits (currently, less than hundred), but are capable of executing interesting computations. Above the quantum supremacy threshold (approx. 60 qubits),…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-31 Alexandru Paler

The quantum circuit mapping approach is an indispensable part of the software stack for the noisy intermediatescale quantum (NISQ) device. It has a significant impact on the reliability of computational tasks on NISQ devices. To improve the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-02 Pengcheng Zhu , Weiping Ding , Lihua Wei , Zhijin Guan , Shiguang Feng

Mapping logical quantum circuits to Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices is a challenging problem which has attracted rapidly increasing interests from both quantum and classical computing communities. This paper proposes an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-23 Sanjiang Li , Xiangzhen Zhou , Yuan Feng

Quantum algorithms offer an exponential speedup over classical algorithms for a range of computational problems. The fundamental mechanisms underlying quantum computation required the development and construction of quantum computers. These…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Shane Sweeney , Krishnendu Guha

Noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices impose dual challenges on quantum circuit execution: limited qubit connectivity requires extensive SWAP-gate routing, while time-dependent decoherence progressively degrades quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Yifei Huang , Pascal Jahan Elahi , Ugo Varetto , Kan He , Jinchuan Hou , Shusen Liu

Implementing a quantum algorithm on a NISQ device has several challenges that arise from the fact that such devices are noisy and have limited quantum resources. Thus, various factors contributing to the depth and width as well as to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-25 Frank Leymann , Johanna Barzen

Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) technology will be available in the near future. Quantum computers with 50-100 qubits may be able to perform tasks which surpass the capabilities of today's classical digital computers, but noise in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-08 John Preskill

The effects of noise are one of the most important factors to consider when it comes to quantum computing in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing (NISQ) era that we are currently in. Therefore, it is important not only to gain…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-07 T. Piskor , M. Schöndorf , M. Bauer , D. Smith , T. Ayral , S. Pogorzalek , A. Auer , M. Papič

The progress in developing quantum hardware with functional quantum processors integrating tens of noisy qubits, together with the availability of near-term quantum algorithms has led to the release of the first quantum computers. These…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-14 Medina Bandic , Sebastian Feld , Carmen G. Almudever

The qubit-mapping problem aims to assign and route qubits of a quantum circuit onto a NISQ device in an optimized fashion, with respect to some cost function. Finding an optimal solution to this problem is known to scale exponentially in…

NISQ devices have several physical limitations and unavoidable noisy quantum operations, and only small circuits can be executed on a quantum machine to get reliable results. This leads to the quantum hardware under-utilization issue. Here,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Siyuan Niu , Aida Todri-Sanial

The variational quantum eigensolver is a promising way to solve the Schr\"odinger equation on a noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computer, while its success relies on a well-designed wavefunction ansatz. Compared to physically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-20 Xiongzhi Zeng , Yi Fan , Jie Liu , Zhenyu Li , Jinlong Yang

Quantum computing promises enabling solving large problem instances, e.g. large linear equation systems with HHL algorithm, once the hardware stack matures. For the foreseeable future quantum computing will remain in the so-called NISQ era,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-15 Marc Andreu Marfany , Alona Sakhnenko , Jeanette Miriam Lorenz
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