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Reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved remarkable success across diverse domains, enabling autonomous systems to learn and adapt to dynamic environments by optimizing a reward function. However, this reliance on reward signals creates a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Bokang Zhang , Chaojun Lu , Jianhui Li , Junfeng Wu

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a widely used tool to extract text from scanned documents. Today, the state-of-the-art is achieved by exploiting deep neural networks. However, the cost of this performance is paid at the price of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Mauro Conti , Nicola Farronato , Stefanos Koffas , Luca Pajola , Stjepan Picek

Backdoor attacks impose a new threat in Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), where a backdoor is inserted into the neural network by poisoning the training dataset, misclassifying inputs that contain the adversary trigger. The major challenge for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Yue Wang , Wenqing Li , Esha Sarkar , Muhammad Shafique , Michail Maniatakos , Saif Eddin Jabari

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated superior performance compared to previous methods on various tasks, and often serve as the foundation models for many researches and services. However, the untrustworthy third-party LLMs may…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Hai Huang , Zhengyu Zhao , Michael Backes , Yun Shen , Yang Zhang

Genomic foundation models trained on DNA sequences have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse biological tasks, from variant effect prediction to genome design. These models are typically trained on massive, publicly sourced…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-31 Charalampos Koilakos , Ioannis Mouratidis , Ilias Georgakopoulos-Soares

Machine learning models have achieved great success in supervised learning tasks for end-to-end training, which requires a large amount of labeled data that is not always feasible. Recently, many practitioners have shifted to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Yiwei Lu , Matthew Y. R. Yang , Gautam Kamath , Yaoliang Yu

We study a security threat to reinforcement learning where an attacker poisons the learning environment to force the agent into executing a target policy chosen by the attacker. As a victim, we consider RL agents whose objective is to find…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Amin Rakhsha , Goran Radanovic , Rati Devidze , Xiaojin Zhu , Adish Singla

Generally, regularization-based continual learning models limit access to the previous task data to imitate the real-world constraints related to memory and privacy. However, this introduces a problem in these models by not being able to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Gyojin Han , Jaehyun Choi , Hyeong Gwon Hong , Junmo Kim

Fair classification aims to stress the classification models to achieve the equality (treatment or prediction quality) among different sensitive groups. However, fair classification can be under the risk of poisoning attacks that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Han Xu , Xiaorui Liu , Yuxuan Wan , Jiliang Tang

Our research addresses the overlooked security concerns related to data poisoning in continual learning (CL). Data poisoning - the intentional manipulation of training data to affect the predictions of machine learning models - was recently…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Stanisław Pawlak , Bartłomiej Twardowski , Tomasz Trzciński , Joost van de Weijer

Deep neural networks have been demonstrated to be vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Specifically, by injecting a small number of maliciously constructed inputs into the training set, an adversary is able to plant a backdoor into the trained…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-12-10 Alexander Turner , Dimitris Tsipras , Aleksander Madry

Backdoor poisoning attacks pose a well-known risk to neural networks. However, most studies have focused on lenient threat models. We introduce Silent Killer, a novel attack that operates in clean-label, black-box settings, uses a stealthy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Tzvi Lederer , Gallil Maimon , Lior Rokach

Deep learning is becoming increasingly popular in real-life applications, especially in natural language processing (NLP). Users often choose training outsourcing or adopt third-party data and models due to data and computation resources…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-23 Xuan Sheng , Zhaoyang Han , Piji Li , Xiangmao Chang

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has marked significant achievements in language processing and reasoning capabilities. Despite their advancements, LLMs face vulnerabilities to data poisoning attacks, where the adversary inserts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Xiangyu Zhou , Yao Qiang , Saleh Zare Zade , Mohammad Amin Roshani , Prashant Khanduri , Douglas Zytko , Dongxiao Zhu

Natural language processing (NLP) models have become increasingly popular in real-world applications, such as text classification. However, they are vulnerable to privacy attacks, including data reconstruction attacks that aim to extract…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Adel Elmahdy , Ahmed Salem

Text-to-image diffusion models achieve high-fidelity image generation from natural language prompts. ControlNets extend these models by enabling conditioning on structural inputs (e.g., edge maps, depth, pose), providing fine-grained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Raz Lapid , Almog Dubin

Data poisoning attacks aim to manipulate the model produced by a learning algorithm by adversarially modifying the training set. We consider differential privacy as a defensive measure against this type of attack. We show that such learners…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-08 Yuzhe Ma , Xiaojin Zhu , Justin Hsu

The performance of a machine learning-based malware classifier depends on the large and updated training set used to induce its model. In order to maintain an up-to-date training set, there is a need to continuously collect benign and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Tzvika Shapira , David Berend , Ishai Rosenberg , Yang Liu , Asaf Shabtai , Yuval Elovici

Backdoor attack intends to embed hidden backdoor into deep neural networks (DNNs), so that the attacked models perform well on benign samples, whereas their predictions will be maliciously changed if the hidden backdoor is activated by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Yiming Li , Yong Jiang , Zhifeng Li , Shu-Tao Xia

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems, widely used to improve the factual grounding of large language models (LLMs), are increasingly vulnerable to poisoning attacks, where adversaries inject manipulated content into the retriever's…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Liuji Chen , Xiaofang Yang , Yuanzhuo Lu , Jinghao Zhang , Xin Sun , Qiang Liu , Shu Wu , Jing Dong , Liang Wang