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Existing memory systems enable Large Language Models (LLMs) to support long-horizon human-LLM interactions by persisting historical interactions beyond limited context windows. However, while recent approaches have succeeded in constructing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Haidong Xin , Xinze Li , Zhenghao Liu , Yukun Yan , Shuo Wang , Cheng Yang , Yu Gu , Ge Yu , Maosong Sun

Learning a set of tasks over time, also known as continual learning (CL), is one of the most challenging problems in artificial intelligence due to catastrophic forgetting. Large language models (LLMs) are often impractical to frequent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Jaya Krishna Mandivarapu

Humans can learn a variety of concepts and skills incrementally over the course of their lives while exhibiting many desirable properties, such as continual learning without forgetting, forward transfer and backward transfer of knowledge,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Charles X. Ling , Tanner Bohn

Large Language Models (LLMs) suffer severe catastrophic forgetting when adapted sequentially to new tasks in a continual learning (CL) setting. Existing approaches are fundamentally limited: replay-based methods are impractical and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Shristi Das Biswas , Yue Zhang , Anwesan Pal , Radhika Bhargava , Kaushik Roy

In lifelong learning systems based on artificial neural networks, one of the biggest obstacles is the inability to retain old knowledge as new information is encountered. This phenomenon is known as catastrophic forgetting. In this paper,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Alexander Ororbia , Ankur Mali , Daniel Kifer , C. Lee Giles

This paper addresses the limitations of large language models in understanding long-term context. It proposes a model architecture equipped with a long-term memory mechanism to improve the retention and retrieval of semantic information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yue Xing , Tao Yang , Yijiashun Qi , Minggu Wei , Yu Cheng , Honghui Xin

Fine-tuning pre-trained foundational language models (FLM) for specific tasks is often impractical, especially for resource-constrained devices. This necessitates the development of a Lifelong Learning (L3) framework that continuously…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Aidin Shiri , Kaushik Roy , Amit Sheth , Manas Gaur

Humans excel at continually learning from an ever-changing environment whereas it remains a challenge for deep neural networks which exhibit catastrophic forgetting. The complementary learning system (CLS) theory suggests that the interplay…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-11 Elahe Arani , Fahad Sarfraz , Bahram Zonooz

The rapid advancement of generative models has empowered modern AI systems to comprehend and produce highly sophisticated content, even achieving human-level performance in specific domains. However, these models are fundamentally…

Catastrophic forgetting and capacity saturation are the central challenges of any parametric lifelong learning system. In this work, we study these challenges in the context of sequential supervised learning with an emphasis on recurrent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Shagun Sodhani , Sarath Chandar , Yoshua Bengio

The training of modern large language models (LLMs) takes place in a regime where most training examples are seen only a few times by the model during the course of training. What does a model remember about such examples seen only a few…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-31 A. Emin Orhan

Existing large language models (LLMs) can only afford fix-sized inputs due to the input length limit, preventing them from utilizing rich long-context information from past inputs. To address this, we propose a framework, Language Models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Weizhi Wang , Li Dong , Hao Cheng , Xiaodong Liu , Xifeng Yan , Jianfeng Gao , Furu Wei

Artificial neural networks encounter a notable challenge known as continual learning, which involves acquiring knowledge of multiple tasks over an extended period. This challenge arises due to the tendency of previously learned weights to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Yonatan Sverdlov , Shimon Ullman

End-to-end training of Spoken Language Models (SLMs) commonly involves adapting pre-trained text-based Large Language Models (LLMs) to the speech modality through multi-stage training on diverse tasks such as ASR, TTS and spoken question…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Chi-Yuan Hsiao , Ke-Han Lu , Kai-Wei Chang , Chih-Kai Yang , Wei-Chih Chen , Hung-yi Lee

In continual learning (CL), an agent learns from a stream of tasks leveraging prior experience to transfer knowledge to future tasks. It is an ideal framework to decrease the amount of supervision in the existing learning algorithms. But…

Existing literature in Continual Learning (CL) has focused on overcoming catastrophic forgetting, the inability of the learner to recall how to perform tasks observed in the past. There are however other desirable properties of a CL system,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-15 Tom Veniat , Ludovic Denoyer , Marc'Aurelio Ranzato

Lifelong learning aims to train a model with good performance for new tasks while retaining the capacity of previous tasks. However, some practical scenarios require the system to forget undesirable knowledge due to privacy issues, which is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Lianlei Shan , Wenzhang Zhou , Wei Li , Xingyu Ding

Large pre-trained language models help to achieve state of the art on a variety of natural language processing (NLP) tasks, nevertheless, they still suffer from forgetting when incrementally learning a sequence of tasks. To alleviate this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Mingxu Tao , Yansong Feng , Dongyan Zhao

As the applications of large language models (LLMs) expand across diverse fields, the ability of these models to adapt to ongoing changes in data, tasks, and user preferences becomes crucial. Traditional training methods, relying on static…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Junhao Zheng , Shengjie Qiu , Chengming Shi , Qianli Ma

In order for large language models to achieve true conversational continuity and benefit from experiential learning, they need memory. While research has focused on the development of complex memory systems, it remains unclear which types…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Alessandra Terranova , Björn Ross , Alexandra Birch