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Graph neural networks (GNNs), as the de-facto model class for representation learning on graphs, are built upon the multi-layer perceptrons (MLP) architecture with additional message passing layers to allow features to flow across nodes.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Chenxiao Yang , Qitian Wu , Jiahua Wang , Junchi Yan

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have recently become the standard approach for learning with graph-structured data. Prior work has shed light into their potential, but also their limitations. Unfortunately, it was shown that standard GNNs are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Gaspard Michel , Giannis Nikolentzos , Johannes Lutzeyer , Michalis Vazirgiannis

The expressivity of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) has been studied broadly in recent years to reveal the design principles for more powerful GNNs. Graph canonization is known as a typical approach to distinguish non-isomorphic graphs, yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Zehao Dong , Muhan Zhang , Philip R. O. Payne , Michael A Province , Carlos Cruchaga , Tianyu Zhao , Fuhai Li , Yixin Chen

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have emerged recently as a powerful architecture for learning node and graph representations. Standard GNNs have the same expressive power as the Weisfeiler-Leman test of graph isomorphism in terms of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-08-11 Giannis Nikolentzos , George Dasoulas , Michalis Vazirgiannis

In recent years, graph neural networks (GNNs) have emerged as a powerful neural architecture to learn vector representations of nodes and graphs in a supervised, end-to-end fashion. Up to now, GNNs have only been evaluated empirically --…

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) extend convolutional neural networks to operate on graphs. Despite their impressive performances in various graph learning tasks, the theoretical understanding of their generalization capability is still…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Zhiyang Wang , Juan Cervino , Alejandro Ribeiro

Graph neural networks (GNN) have shown outstanding applications in many fields where data is fundamentally represented as graphs (e.g., chemistry, biology, recommendation systems). In this vein, communication networks comprise many…

We propose a Graph Neural Network with greater expressive power than commonly used GNNs - not constrained to only differentiate between graphs that Weisfeiler-Lehman test recognizes to be non-isomorphic. We use a graph attention network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Stanisław Purgał

Message passing graph neural networks (GNNs) are known to have their expressiveness upper-bounded by 1-dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman (1-WL) algorithm. To achieve more powerful GNNs, existing attempts either require ad hoc features, or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Meng Liu , Haiyang Yu , Shuiwang Ji

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are widely used to compute representations of node pairs for downstream tasks such as link prediction. Yet, theoretical understanding of their expressive power has focused almost entirely on graph-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Veronica Lachi , Francesco Ferrini , Antonio Longa , Bruno Lepri , Andrea Passerini , Manfred Jaeger

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have demonstrated superior performance on various graph learning tasks, including recommendation, where they leverage user-item collaborative filtering signals in graphs. However, theoretical formulations of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Xuheng Cai , Lianghao Xia , Xubin Ren , Chao Huang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are a powerful tool for machine learning on graphs.GNNs combine node feature information with the graph structure by recursively passing neural messages along edges of the input graph. However, incorporating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-15 Rex Ying , Dylan Bourgeois , Jiaxuan You , Marinka Zitnik , Jure Leskovec

We precisely characterize the expressivity of computable Recurrent Graph Neural Networks (recurrent GNNs). We prove that recurrent GNNs with finite-precision parameters, sum aggregation, and ReLU activation, can compute any graph algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Eran Rosenbluth , Martin Grohe

Recent advancements in graph learning have revolutionized the way to understand and analyze data with complex structures. Notably, Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), i.e. neural network architectures designed for learning graph representations,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Yu Huang , Min Zhou , Menglin Yang , Zhen Wang , Muhan Zhang , Jie Wang , Hong Xie , Hao Wang , Defu Lian , Enhong Chen

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have shown great power in learning on attributed graphs. However, it is still a challenge for GNNs to utilize information faraway from the source node. Moreover, general GNNs require graph attributes as input,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Danhao Zhu , Xin-yu Dai , Jiajun Chen

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are deep learning architectures for machine learning problems on graphs. It has recently been shown that the expressiveness of GNNs can be characterised precisely by the combinatorial Weisfeiler-Leman algorithms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Martin Grohe

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved remarkable success across diverse tasks on graph-structured data, primarily through the use of learned weights in message passing layers. In this paper, we demonstrate that random weights can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Thu Bui , Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb , Bruno Ribeiro , Beatrice Bevilacqua , Moshe Eliasof

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) extend basic Neural Networks (NNs) by additionally making use of graph structure based on the relational inductive bias (edge bias), rather than treating the nodes as collections of independent and identically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Sitao Luan , Chenqing Hua , Qincheng Lu , Jiaqi Zhu , Xiao-Wen Chang , Doina Precup

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are a large class of relational models for graph processing. Recent theoretical studies on the expressive power of GNNs have focused on two issues. On the one hand, it has been proven that GNNs are as powerful…

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have recently grown in popularity in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) due to their unique ability to ingest relatively unstructured data types as input data. Although some elements of the GNN…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Isaac Ronald Ward , Jack Joyner , Casey Lickfold , Yulan Guo , Mohammed Bennamoun