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Quantum state tomography (QST) is the gold standard technique for obtaining an estimate for the state of small quantum systems in the laboratory. Its application to systems with more than a few constituents (e.g. particles) soon becomes…

Quantum state tomography is the task of inferring the state of a quantum system by appropriate measurements. Since the frequency distributions of the outcomes of any finite number of measurements will generally deviate from their asymptotic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-11-08 Matthias Christandl , Renato Renner

Characterizing quantum states is essential for validating quantum devices, yet conventional quantum state tomography becomes prohibitively expensive as system size grows. Direct tomography offers a distinct route by enabling selective…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Jaekwon Chang , Guedong Park , Hyunseok Jeong , Yong Siah Teo , Yosep Kim

We study the problem of quantum-state tomography under the assumption that the state of the system is close to pure. In this context, an efficient measurements that one typically formulates uniquely identify a pure state from within the set…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-11 Amir Kalev , Charles H. Baldwin , Ivan H. Deutsch

We present a formalism for self-calibrating tomography of arbitrary dimensional systems. Self-calibrating quantum state tomography was first introduced in the context of qubits, and allows the reconstruction of the density matrix of an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-06-26 Nicolás Quesada , Agata M. Brańczyk , Daniel F. V. James

For a quantum computer acting on d-dimensional systems, we analyze the computational power of circuits wherein stabilizer operations are perfect and we allow access to imperfect non-stabilizer states or operations. If the noise rate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-03-21 Wim van Dam , Mark Howard

When increasing the dimensionality of quantum systems, high-dimensional quantum state certification becomes important in quantum information science and technology. However, how to certify ensembles of high-dimensional quantum states in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-20 Yong-Nan Sun , Meng-Yun Ma , Qi-Ping Su , Zhe Sun , Chui-Ping Yang , Franco Nori

Qudits hold great promise for efficient quantum computation and the simulation of high-dimensional quantum systems. Utilizing a local Hilbert space of dimension d > 2 is known to speed up certain quantum algorithms relative to their qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-23 Elizabeth Champion , Zihao Wang , Rayleigh Parker , Machiel Blok

Quantum self-testing is a device-independent way to certify quantum states and measurements using only the input-output statistics, with minimal assumptions about the quantum devices. Because of the high demand on tolerable noise, however,…

Quantum tomography is crucial for characterizing the quantum states of multipartite systems, but its practicality is often limited by the exponentially large dimension of the Hilbert space. Most existing approaches, such as compressed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-04 Yat Wong , Ming Yuan , Kevin He , Srivatsan Chakram , Alireza Seif , David I. Schuster , Liang Jiang

It has been known that all bipartite pure quantum states can be certified by quantum self-testing, i.e., any such states can be pinned down completely based on the statistics produced by local quantum measurements. A notable feature of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-13 Lijinzhi Lin , Zhenyu Chen , Xiaodie Lin , Zhaohui Wei

An arbitrary quantum-optical process (channel) can be completely characterized by probing it with coherent states using the recently developed coherent-state quantum process tomography (QPT) [Lobino et al., Science 322, 563 (2008)]. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-08-09 Xiang-Bin Wang , Zong-Wen Yu , Jia-Zhong Hu , Adam Miranowicz , Franco Nori

High-dimensional entangled states are of significant interest in quantum science as they increase the information content per photon and can remain entangled in the presence of significant noise. We develop the analytical theory and show…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-19 Feng Zhu , Max Tyler , Natalia Herrera Valencia , Mehul Malik , Jonathan Leach

The Hilbert space of a physical qubit typically features more than two energy levels. Using states outside the qubit subspace can provide advantages in quantum computation. To benefit from these advantages, individual states of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-22 Tobias Kehrer , Tobias Nadolny , Christoph Bruder

Quantum state tomography is the standard tool in current experiments for verifying that a state prepared in the lab is close to an ideal target state, but up to now there were no rigorous methods for evaluating the precision of the state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-04 Takanori Sugiyama , Peter S. Turner , Mio Murao

Certifying quantum behavior from classically accessible data is essential for secure communication and scalable quantum technologies. While powerful certification methods such as Bell nonlocality and quantum steering exist, their…

Quantum state tomography (QST) represents an essential tool for the characterization, verification, and validation (QCVV) of quantum processors. Only for a few idealized scenarios, there are analytic results for the optimal measurement set…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-27 Violeta N. Ivanova-Rohling , Niklas Rohling , Guido Burkard

In recent years, there has been a rising interest in high-dimensional quantum states and their impact on quantum communication. Indeed, the availability of an enlarged Hilbert space offers multiple advantages, from larger information…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-17 Daniele Cozzolino , Beatrice Da Lio , Davide Bacco , Leif Katsuo Oxenløwe

With nowadays steadily growing quantum processors, it is required to develop new quantum tomography tools that are tailored for high-dimensional systems. In this work, we describe such a computational tool, based on recent ideas from…

A qudit ($d$-level quantum systems) has a large Hilbert space and thus can be used to achieve many quantum information and communication tasks. Here, we propose a method to transfer arbitrary $d$-dimensional quantum states (known or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-17 Tong Liu , Qi-Ping Su , Jin-Hu Yang , Yu Zhang , Shao-Jie Xiong , Jin-Ming Liu , Chui-Ping Yang