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New observations of 11 compact galaxies in the 12CO J=2-1 and J=3-2 transitions and literature data have been used to construct accurate line ratios in matched beams allowing LVG modelling of physical parameters. Fitting a single gas…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 F. P. Israel

Recent advances in identifying giant molecular filaments in galactic surveys allow us to study the interstellar material and its dense, potentially star forming phase on scales comparable to resolved extragalactic clouds. Two large…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2024-03-29 O. Feher , S. E. Ragan , F. D. Priestley , P. C. Clark , T. J. T. Moore

We investigate the chemical evolution of a forming molecular cloud behind an interstellar shock wave. We conduct three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics simulations of the converging flow of atomic gas, including a simple chemical network…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-01-08 Yuto Komichi , Yuri Aikawa , Kazunari Iwasaki , Kenji Furuya

Recent deep millimeter-wave surveys attempt to measure the carbon monoxide (CO) luminosity function and mean molecular gas density through blind detections of CO emission lines. While the cosmic star formation rate density is now…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-01-19 Ryan P. Keenan , Daniel P. Marrone , Garrett K. Keating

We use the first systematic samples of CO millimeter emission in z>1 'main-sequence' star forming galaxies (SFGs) to study the metallicity dependence of the conversion factor {\alpha}CO, from CO line luminosity to molecular gas mass. The…

The Millimeter-wave Intensity Mapping Experiment (mmIME) recently reported a detection of excess spatial fluctuations at a wavelength of 3 mm, which can be attributed to unresolved emission of several CO rotational transitions between…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-04-20 Patrick C. Breysse , Shengqi Yang , Rachel S. Somerville , Anthony R. Pullen , Gergö Popping , Abhishek S. Maniyar

We present a simple, semianalytical approach to compute the line emission of C+, C and CO in Photodissociation Regions of varying metallicity that depends on very few parameters and naturally incorporates the clumpiness of the interstellar…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-31 Alberto D. Bolatto , James M. Jackson , James G. Ingalls

We study the metallicity dependence of the H/H$_2$ and C$^+$/C/CO distributions in a self-regulated interstellar medium (ISM) across a broad range of metallicities ($0.1 < Z/Z_\odot < 3$). To this end, we conduct high-resolution (particle…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-10-20 Chia-Yu Hu , Amiel Sternberg , Ewine F. van Dishoeck

We present observations with the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer of three QSOs at z>5 aimed at detecting molecular gas in their host galaxies as traced by CO transitions. CO (5-4) is detected in SDSSJ033829.31+002156.3 at z=5.0267,…

We present fluxes in both neutral carbon [CI] lines at the centers of 76 galaxies with FIR luminosities between 10^{9} and 10^{12} L(o) obtained with Herschel-SPIRE and with ground-based facilities, along with the J=7-6, J=4-3, J=2-1 12CO…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-06-11 F. P. Israel , M. J. F. Rosenberg , P. van der Werf

A new method to determine the CO-to-H$_2$ conversion factor $X_{\rm CO}$ using absorption of diffuse X-ray emission by local molecular clouds was developed. It was applied to the Ophiucus (G353+17) and Corona Australis (G359-18) clouds…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2016-05-11 Yoshiaki Sofue , Jun Kataoka

The chemical inventory of protoplanetary midplanes is the basis for forming planetesimals. Among them, solid-state reactions based on CO/CO$_2$ toward molecular complexity on interstellar dust grains have been studied in theoretical and…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2023-10-31 K. -J. Chuang , C. Jaeger , N. -E. Sie , C. -H. Huang , C. -Y. Lee , Y. -Y. Hsu , Th. Henning , Y. -J. Chen

The specific star-formation rate of star-forming `main sequence' galaxies significantly decreased since z~1.5, due to the decreasing molecular gas fraction and star formation efficiency. However, the radio-infrared (IR) correlation has not…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-01-29 B. Vollmer , J. Freundlich , P. Gratier , Th. Lizee , M. Lendrin , J. Braine , M. Soida

A steep metallicity dependence of the CO-to-H2 conversion factor X of the form log X = 12.2 - 2.5 log[O]/[H], based on a sample of 20 (extra)galactic determinations, is presented and discussed. The apparently less steep dependence found…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 F. P. Israel

We present an analysis of the molecular and atomic gas emission in the rest-frame far-infrared and sub-millimetre, from the lensed z=2.3 sub-millimetre galaxy SMM J2135-0102. We obtain very high signal-to-noise detections of 11 transitions…

The J=1$\rightarrow$0 spectral line of carbon monoxide (CO(1-0)) is the canonical tracer of molecular gas. However, CO(2-1) is frequently used in its place, following the assumption that the higher energy line can be used to infer the…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-07-24 Ryan P. Keenan , Daniel P. Marrone , Garrett K. Keating

Infrared Dark Clouds (IRDCs) are cold, dense structures representative of the initial conditions of star formation. Many studies of IRDCs employ CO to investigate cloud dynamics. However, CO can be highly depleted from the gas phase in…

Carbon monoxide (CO) is the second most abundant molecule in the gas-phase of the interstellar medium. In dense molecular clouds, it is also present in the solid-phase as a constituent of the mixed water-dominated ices covering dust grains.…

In a previous paper, we calculated numerical hydrodynamic models of the interstellar medium in the Galaxy, which suggested that hot gas (T $\ge$ 3 $\times$ 10$^5$ K) has a filling factor near 50\% in the midplane (Rosen \& Bregman 1995, ApJ…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-28 Alexander Rosen , Joel N. Bregman , Daniel D. Kelson

This paper uses observations of dusty debris discs, including a growing number of gas detections in these systems, to test our understanding of the origin and evolution of this gaseous component. It is assumed that all debris discs with icy…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-05-31 Quentin Kral , Luca Matra , Mark Wyatt , Grant Kennedy