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In display advertising, predicting the conversion rate, that is, the probability that a user takes a predefined action on an advertiser's website, such as purchasing goods is fundamental in estimating the value of displaying the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-07 Shota Yasui , Gota Morishita , Komei Fujita , Masashi Shibata

One of the difficulties of conversion rate (CVR) prediction is that the conversions can delay and take place long after the clicks. The delayed feedback poses a challenge: fresh data are beneficial to continuous training but may not have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-13 Siyu Gu , Xiang-Rong Sheng , Ying Fan , Guorui Zhou , Xiaoqiang Zhu

Predicting conversion rate (e.g., the probability that a user will purchase an item) is a fundamental problem in machine learning based recommender systems. However, accurate conversion labels are revealed after a long delay, which harms…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Jia-Qi Yang , De-Chuan Zhan

Conversion rate (CVR) prediction is one of the most critical tasks for digital display advertising. Commercial systems often require to update models in an online learning manner to catch up with the evolving data distribution. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-19 Jia-Qi Yang , Xiang Li , Shuguang Han , Tao Zhuang , De-Chuan Zhan , Xiaoyi Zeng , Bin Tong

In online advertising, it is highly important to predict the probability and the value of a conversion (e.g., a purchase). It not only impacts user experience by showing relevant ads, but also affects ROI of advertisers and revenue of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Hui Gao , Yihan Yang

Alleviating the delayed feedback problem is of crucial importance for the conversion rate(CVR) prediction in online advertising. Previous delayed feedback modeling methods using an observation window to balance the trade-off between waiting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-16 Yu Chen , Jiaqi Jin , Hui Zhao , Pengjie Wang , Guojun Liu , Jian Xu , Bo Zheng

Watch time is widely used as a proxy for user satisfaction in video recommendation platforms. However, raw watch times are influenced by confounding factors such as video duration, popularity, and individual user behaviors, potentially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Emily Liu , Kuan Han , Minfeng Zhan , Bocheng Zhao , Guanyu Mu , Yang Song

In display advertising, predicting the conversion rate (CVR), meaning the probability that a user takes a predefined action on an advertiser's website, is a fundamental task for estimating the value of displaying an advertisement to a user.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-05-20 Yuta Saito , Gota Morishita , Shota Yasui

Implicit feedback (e.g., clicks, dwell times, etc.) is an abundant source of data in human-interactive systems. While implicit feedback has many advantages (e.g., it is inexpensive to collect, user centric, and timely), its inherent biases…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2016-08-17 Thorsten Joachims , Adith Swaminathan , Tobias Schnabel

Predicting the expected value or number of post-click conversions (purchases or other events) is a key task in performance-based digital advertising. In training a conversion optimizer model, one of the most crucial aspects is handling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Ashwinkumar Badanidiyuru , Andrew Evdokimov , Vinodh Krishnan , Pan Li , Wynn Vonnegut , Jayden Wang

Online advertising platforms use automated auctions to connect advertisers with potential customers, requiring effective bidding strategies to maximize profits. Accurate ad impact estimation requires considering three key factors: delayed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Yuwei Cheng , Zifeng Zhao , Haifeng Xu

In online advertising under the cost-per-conversion (CPA) model, accurate conversion rate (CVR) prediction is crucial. A major challenge is delayed feedback, where conversions may occur long after user interactions, leading to incomplete…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Chenlu Ding , Jiancan Wu , Yancheng Yuan , Cunchun Li , Xiang Wang , Dingxian Wang , Frank Yang , Andrew Rabinovich

In standard reinforcement learning settings, agents typically assume immediate feedback about the effects of their actions after taking them. However, in practice, this assumption may not hold true due to physical constraints and can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Armin Karamzade , Kyungmin Kim , Montek Kalsi , Roy Fox

Predicting user responses, such as click-through rate and conversion rate, are critical in many web applications including web search, personalised recommendation, and online advertising. Different from continuous raw features that we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-01-12 Weinan Zhang , Tianming Du , Jun Wang

Existing algorithms aiming to learn a binary classifier from positive (P) and unlabeled (U) data generally require estimating the class prior or label noises ahead of building a classification model. However, the estimation and classifier…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Tianyu Li , Chien-Chih Wang , Yukun Ma , Patricia Ortal , Qifang Zhao , Bjorn Stenger , Yu Hirate

Recommendation systems aim to predict users' feedback on items not exposed to them. Confounding bias arises due to the presence of unmeasured variables (e.g., the socio-economic status of a user) that can affect both a user's exposure and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Qing Zhang , Xiaoying Zhang , Yang Liu , Hongning Wang , Min Gao , Jiheng Zhang , Ruocheng Guo

As its availability and generality in online services, implicit feedback is more commonly used in recommender systems. However, implicit feedback usually presents noisy samples in real-world recommendation scenarios (such as misclicks or…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Zhuangzhuang He , Yifan Wang , Yonghui Yang , Peijie Sun , Le Wu , Haoyue Bai , Jinqi Gong , Richang Hong , Min Zhang

Learning under one-sided feedback (i.e., where we only observe the labels for examples we predicted positively on) is a fundamental problem in machine learning -- applications include lending and recommendation systems. Despite this, there…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-14 Heinrich Jiang , Qijia Jiang , Aldo Pacchiano

Conversion rate prediction is critical to many online applications such as digital display advertising. To capture dynamic data distribution, industrial systems often require retraining models on recent data daily or weekly. However, the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Yifan Wang , Peijie Sun , Min Zhang , Qinglin Jia , Jingjie Li , Shaoping Ma

In this paper, we consider online learning in generalized linear contextual bandits where rewards are not immediately observed. Instead, rewards are available to the decision-maker only after some delay, which is unknown and stochastic. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-12 Jose Blanchet , Renyuan Xu , Zhengyuan Zhou
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