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Text based games are simulations in which an agent interacts with the world purely through natural language. They typically consist of a number of puzzles interspersed with interactions with common everyday objects and locations. Deep…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-07 Sahith Dambekodi , Spencer Frazier , Prithviraj Ammanabrolu , Mark O. Riedl

Text-based reinforcement learning agents have predominantly been neural network-based models with embeddings-based representation, learning uninterpretable policies that often do not generalize well to unseen games. On the other hand,…

Goal-conditioned reinforcement learning (GCRL) allows agents to learn diverse objectives using a unified policy. The success of GCRL, however, is contingent on the choice of goal representation. In this work, we propose a mask-based goal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Fahim Shahriar , Cheryl Wang , Alireza Azimi , Gautham Vasan , Hany Hamed Elanwar , A. Rupam Mahmood , Colin Bellinger

Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents are often unable to generalise well to environment variations in the state space that were not observed during training. This issue is especially problematic for image-based RL, where a change in just one…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Mhairi Dunion , Trevor McInroe , Kevin Sebastian Luck , Josiah P. Hanna , Stefano V. Albrecht

Recently, text world games have been proposed to enable artificial agents to understand and reason about real-world scenarios. These text-based games are challenging for artificial agents, as it requires an understanding of and interaction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Ishika Singh , Gargi Singh , Ashutosh Modi

The safe application of reinforcement learning (RL) requires generalization from limited training data to unseen scenarios. Yet, fulfilling tasks under changing circumstances is a key challenge in RL. Current state-of-the-art approaches for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Philipp Altmann , Fabian Ritz , Leonard Feuchtinger , Jonas Nüßlein , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien , Thomy Phan

The success of Reinforcement Learning (RL) heavily relies on the ability to learn robust representations from the observations of the environment. In most cases, the representations learned purely by the reinforcement learning loss can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Somjit Nath , Rushiv Arora , Samira Ebrahimi Kahou

Text games present opportunities for natural language understanding (NLU) methods to tackle reinforcement learning (RL) challenges. However, recent work has questioned the necessity of NLU by showing random text hashes could perform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Yi Gu , Shunyu Yao , Chuang Gan , Joshua B. Tenenbaum , Mo Yu

In reinforcement learning (RL), state representations are key to dealing with large or continuous state spaces. While one of the promises of deep learning algorithms is to automatically construct features well-tuned for the task they try to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Charline Le Lan , Stephen Tu , Mark Rowland , Anna Harutyunyan , Rishabh Agarwal , Marc G. Bellemare , Will Dabney

Current deep reinforcement learning (RL) approaches incorporate minimal prior knowledge about the environment, limiting computational and sample efficiency. \textit{Objects} provide a succinct and causal description of the world, and many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-07 William Agnew , Pedro Domingos

Training data for text classification is often limited in practice, especially for applications with many output classes or involving many related classification problems. This means classifiers must generalize from limited evidence, but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-19 Abhijit Mahabal , Jason Baldridge , Burcu Karagol Ayan , Vincent Perot , Dan Roth

General-purpose robotic manipulation, including reach and grasp, is essential for deployment into households and workspaces involving diverse and evolving tasks. Recent advances propose using large pre-trained models, such as Large Language…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Huiyi Wang , Fahim Shahriar , Alireza Azimi , Gautham Vasan , Rupam Mahmood , Colin Bellinger

Traditional Reinforcement Learning (RL) has focused on problems involving many states and few actions, such as simple grid worlds. Most real world problems, however, are of the opposite type, Involving Few relevant states and many actions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-01-04 Vincent Graziano , Faustino Gomez , Mark Ring , Juergen Schmidhuber

Model-free Reinforcement Learning (RL) generally suffers from poor sample complexity, mostly due to the need to exhaustively explore the state-action space to find well-performing policies. On the other hand, we postulate that expert…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Loris Di Natale , Bratislav Svetozarevic , Philipp Heer , Colin N. Jones

Interactive fiction games have emerged as an important application to improve the generalization capabilities of language-based reinforcement learning (RL) agents. Existing environments for interactive fiction games are domain-specific or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Shreyas Basavatia , Keerthiram Murugesan , Shivam Ratnakar

Episodic training, where an agent's environment is reset after every success or failure, is the de facto standard when training embodied reinforcement learning (RL) agents. The underlying assumption that the environment can be easily reset…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Zichen Zhang , Luca Weihs

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has shown impressive performance on domains with visual inputs, in particular various games. However, the agent is usually trained on a fixed environment, e.g. a fixed number of levels. A growing mass of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Chang Ye , Ahmed Khalifa , Philip Bontrager , Julian Togelius

Text-based games -- in which an agent interacts with the world through textual natural language -- present us with the problem of combinatorially-sized action-spaces. Most current reinforcement learning algorithms are not capable of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-21 Prithviraj Ammanabrolu , Ethan Tien , Zhaochen Luo , Mark O. Riedl

Unsupervised text representation learning (TRL) is a fundamental task in natural language processing, which is beneficial for improving search and recommendations with the web's unlabeled texts. A recent empirical study finds that the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Ruize An , Richong Zhang , Zhijie Nie , Zhanyu Wu , Yanzhao Zhang , Dingkun Long

Modern reinforcement learning (RL) systems have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in complex environments, such as video games. However, they still fall short of achieving human-like sample efficiency and adaptability when learning new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Zergham Ahmed , Joshua B. Tenenbaum , Christopher J. Bates , Samuel J. Gershman