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Related papers: Custom fermionic codes for quantum simulation

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Quantum computers are expected to become a powerful tool for studying physical quantum systems. Consequently, a number of quantum algorithms for studying the physical properties of such systems have been developed. While qubit-based quantum…

Simulation of fermionic Hamiltonians with gate-based quantum computers requires the selection of an encoding from fermionic operators to quantum gates, the most widely used being the Jordan-Wigner transform. Many alternative encodings…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-01 Michael Williams de la Bastida , Thomas M. Bickley , Peter V. Coveney

We propose a computational protocol for quantum simulations of Fermionic Hamiltonians on a quantum computer, enabling calculations which were previously not feasible with conventional encoding and ansatses of variational quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-15 Benchen Huang , Nan Sheng , Marco Govoni , Giulia Galli

We define a model of quantum computation with local fermionic modes (LFMs) -- sites which can be either empty or occupied by a fermion. With the standard correspondence between the Foch space of $m$ LFMs and the Hilbert space of $m$ qubits,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-06 Sergey Bravyi , Alexei Kitaev

We discuss encodings of fermionic many-body systems by qubits in the presence of symmetries. Such encodings eliminate redundant degrees of freedom in a way that preserves a simple structure of the system Hamiltonian enabling quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-01-31 Sergey Bravyi , Jay M. Gambetta , Antonio Mezzacapo , Kristan Temme

Simulating electronic structure on a quantum computer requires encoding of fermionic systems onto qubits. Common encoding methods transform a fermionic system of $N$ spin-orbitals into an $N$-qubit system, but many of the fermionic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-07 Yu Shee , Pei-Kai Tsai , Cheng-Lin Hong , Hao-Chung Cheng , Hsi-Sheng Goan

Quantum simulation of fermionic systems is a leading application of quantum computers. One promising approach is to represent fermions with qubits via fermion-to-qubit mappings. In this work, we present high-distance fermion-to-qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-03 Ruby Wei , Aqua Chung , Luke Coffman , Su-Kuan Chu , Xun Gao

Quantum chemistry simulations on a quantum computer suffer from the overhead needed for encoding the fermionic problem in a bosonic system of qubits. By exploiting the block diagonality of a fermionic Hamiltonian, we show that the number of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-06-09 Nikolaj Moll , Andreas Fuhrer , Peter Staar , Ivano Tavernelli

Simulation of quantum systems is expected to be one of the most important applications of quantum computing, with much of the theoretical work so far having focused on fermionic and spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ systems. Here, we instead consider…

The utility of solving the Fermi-Hubbard model has been estimated in the billions of dollars. Digital quantum computers can in principle address this task, but have so far been limited to quasi one-dimensional models. This is because of…

Efficient encoding of electronic operators into qubits is essential for quantum chemistry simulations. The majority of methods map single electron states to qubits, effectively handling electron interactions. Alternatively, pairs of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-09 Francisco Javier Del Arco Santos , Jakob S. Kottmann

We show in detail how the Jordan-Wigner transformation can be used to simulate any fermionic many-body Hamiltonian on a quantum computer. We develop an algorithm based on appropriate qubit gates that takes a general fermionic Hamiltonian,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 E. Ovrum , M. Hjorth-Jensen

Near-term quantum simulators are mostly based on qubit-based architectures. However, their imperfect nature significantly limits their practical application. The situation is even worse for simulating fermionic systems, which underlie most…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-29 Qingyu Li , Chiranjib Mukhopadhyay , Abolfazl Bayat

Quantum simulations before fault tolerance suffer from the intrinsic noise present in quantum computers. In this regime, extracting meaningful results greatly benefits from stability against that noise. This stability, defined as an error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Guillermo González-García , Filippo Maria Gambetta , Raul A. Santos

Efficient simulation of interacting fermionic systems is a key application of near-term quantum computers, but is hindered by the overhead required to encode fermionic operators on qubit hardware. Here, we consider models with $N$ fermionic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-30 Reinis Irmejs , J. Ignacio Cirac

Fermion-to-qubit mappings play a crucial role in representing fermionic interactions on a quantum computer. Efficient mappings translate fermionic modes of a system to qubit interactions with a high degree of locality while using few…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-12 Oliver O'Brien , Sergii Strelchuk

Mappings between fermions and qubits are valuable constructions in physics. To date only a handful exist. In addition to revealing dualities between fermionic and spin systems, such mappings are indispensable in any quantum simulation of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-14 Charles Derby , Joel Klassen

The mapping of fermionic states onto qubit states, as well as the mapping of fermionic Hamiltonian into quantum gates enables us to simulate electronic systems with a quantum computer. Benefiting the understanding of many-body systems in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-12 Mark Steudtner , Stephanie Wehner

The operator algebra of fermionic modes is isomorphic to that of qubits, the difference between them is twofold: the embedding of subalgebras corresponding to mode subsets and multiqubit subsystems on the one hand, and the parity…

Number-conserved subspace encoding reduces resources needed for quantum simulations, but scalable complexity trade-off bounds for $M$ modes and $N$ particles with $\mathcal{O}(N\log M)$ qubits have remained unknown. We study…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-23 M. H. Cheng , Yu-Cheng Chen , Qian Wang , V. Bartsch , M. S. Kim , Alice Hu , Min-Hsiu Hsieh