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TD($\lambda$) in value-based MARL algorithms or the Temporal Difference critic learning in Actor-Critic-based (AC-based) algorithms synergistically integrate elements from Monte-Carlo simulation and Q function bootstrapping via dynamic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Yue Deng , Zirui Wang , Yin Zhang

One of the challenges for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is designing efficient learning algorithms for a large system in which each agent has only limited or partial information of the entire system. While exciting progress has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Haotian Gu , Xin Guo , Xiaoli Wei , Renyuan Xu

We discuss the problem of decentralized multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) in this work. In our setting, the global state, action, and reward are assumed to be fully observable, while the local policy is protected as privacy by each…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Kuo Li , Qing-Shan Jia

Adversarial attacks during training can strongly influence the performance of multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithms. It is, thus, highly desirable to augment existing algorithms such that the impact of adversarial attacks on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-19 Martin Figura , Yixuan Lin , Ji Liu , Vijay Gupta

Stochastic games are a popular framework for studying multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). Recent advances in MARL have focused primarily on games with finitely many states. In this work, we study multi-agent learning in stochastic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Awni Altabaa , Bora Yongacoglu , Serdar Yüksel

Multi-task learning is an effective way to address the challenge of model personalization caused by high data heterogeneity in federated learning. However, extending multi-task learning to the online decentralized federated learning setting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Olusola Odeyomi , Sofiat Olaosebikan , Ajibuwa Opeyemi , Oluwadoyinsola Ige

In this study, we explore the robustness of cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (c-MARL) against Byzantine failures, where any agent can enact arbitrary, worst-case actions due to malfunction or adversarial attack. To address the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Simin Li , Jun Guo , Jingqiao Xiu , Ruixiao Xu , Xin Yu , Jiakai Wang , Aishan Liu , Yaodong Yang , Xianglong Liu

In this paper, we investigate the problem of decentralized online resource allocation in the presence of Byzantine attacks. In this problem setting, some agents may be compromised due to external manipulations or internal failures, causing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-27 Runhua Wang , Qing Ling , Hoi-To Wai , Zhi Tian

To defend against Byzantine attacks in decentralized learning, most existing methods rely on robust aggregation rules to mitigate the influence of malicious machines. However, these strategies inherently introduce bias, leading to inexact…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-20 Siyuan Zhang , Chengde Qian , Xin Liu , Changliang Zou

We consider a distributed reinforcement learning setting where multiple agents separately explore the environment and communicate their experiences through a central server. However, $\alpha$-fraction of agents are adversarial and can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Yiding Chen , Xuezhou Zhang , Kaiqing Zhang , Mengdi Wang , Xiaojin Zhu

We study the policy evaluation problem in multi-agent reinforcement learning. In this problem, a group of agents works cooperatively to evaluate the value function for the global discounted accumulative reward problem, which is composed of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-06-04 Thinh T. Doan , Siva Theja Maguluri , Justin Romberg

While the last few decades have witnessed a huge body of work devoted to inference and learning in distributed and decentralized setups, much of this work assumes a non-adversarial setting in which individual nodes---apart from occasional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-06-03 Zhixiong Yang , Arpita Gang , Waheed U. Bajwa

This paper considers the problem of resilient distributed optimization and stochastic machine learning in a server-based architecture. The system comprises a server and multiple agents, where each agent has a local cost function. The agents…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Shuo Liu , Nirupam Gupta , Nitin Vaidya

We study the policy evaluation problem in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) over directed communication networks, where agents cooperate with each other to explore an unknown environment and accomplish a specific task. We propose a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-07 Haocheng Yang , Shengchao Zhao , Yongchao Liu

Learning the value function of a given policy (target policy) from the data samples obtained from a different policy (behavior policy) is an important problem in Reinforcement Learning (RL). This problem is studied under the setting of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-14 Raghuram Bharadwaj Diddigi , Chandramouli Kamanchi , Shalabh Bhatnagar

Off-policy learning allows us to learn about possible policies of behavior from experience generated by a different behavior policy. Temporal difference (TD) learning algorithms can become unstable when combined with function approximation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Ray Jiang , Tom Zahavy , Zhongwen Xu , Adam White , Matteo Hessel , Charles Blundell , Hado van Hasselt

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has gained significant interest in recent years, enabling sequential decision-making across multiple agents in various domains. However, most existing explanation methods focus on centralized MARL,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Kayla Boggess , Sarit Kraus , Lu Feng

This work considers resilient, cooperative state estimation in unreliable multi-agent networks. A network of agents aims to collaboratively estimate the value of an unknown vector parameter, while an {\em unknown} subset of agents suffer…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-10-25 Lili Su , Shahin Shahrampour

Large language model (LLM) agents increasingly collaborate over peer-to-peer networks to improve their reliability. However, these same interactions can also become a source of vulnerability, as unreliable or Byzantine agents may sway…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Haejoon Lee , Vincent-Daniel Yun , Hyeonho Oh , Dimitra Panagou , Sai Praneeth Karimireddy

Linear TD($\lambda$) is one of the most fundamental reinforcement learning algorithms for policy evaluation. Previously, convergence rates are typically established under the assumption of linearly independent features, which does not hold…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Zixuan Xie , Xinyu Liu , Rohan Chandra , Shangtong Zhang